# Warp

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This article details warp travel. For information about sub-warp speeds, see Acceleration.
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Warp time calculation and Warp. (Discuss)

Warp is the primary method of faster-than-light travel utilized by ships in New Eden. Warp travel is limited to transit between locations within the same solar system, and can only be initiated to locations at least 150 km away. The warp exit point is determined when the warp command is given. This is important if you warp to moving objects like fleet members. You also don't exit warp at the exact point but on a 3 km sphere around the point. This means you sometimes land outside of docking range of a station if you warp to it. This is the reason for instadock bookmarks.

## Stages of warp

Warp travel consists of three stages:

1. Acceleration
2. Cruising
3. Deceleration

It is possible to work out how long it should take for a ship to complete warp (once it enters warp) based on formulae released by CCP[1]. Calculating the time taken to warp is done by calculating the time spent in each of these phases and adding them together. This requires calculating acceleration and deceleration time first, followed by cruise time. This calculation does not include the time spent entering warp (accelerating to 75% of maximum velocity), or the time spent slowing after regaining control of the ship.

Total time in warp is given by:

$t_{total} = t_{accel} + t_{decel} + t_{cruise}$

## Long warps

A "long warp" is any warp where there is time to reach maximum warp speed before having to start decelerating.

### Acceleration

#### The formulae

CCP provided formulae for both distance traveled and velocity reached after t seconds of acceleration. d is the distance in meters, v is speed in meters per second, k is the ship's warp speed (in AU/s) and a is 149,597,870,700 meters (1 AU).

\begin{align} d & = e^{kt} \\ v & = k*e^{kt}\\ v_{warp} & = k * a\\ \end{align}

Distance

To calculate distance traveled while accelerating:

\begin{align} d & = e^{kt} \\ v & = k*e^{kt}\\ & = k*d\\ \therefore d & = \frac{v}{k} \end{align}

The distance covered while accelerating to vwarp is:

\begin{align} d_{accel} & = \frac{v_{warp}}{k} & = \frac{k*a}{k} & = a \end{align}

This means that every ship covers exactly 1 AU while accelerating to its maximum warp speed.

Time

To calculate the time spent accelerating to warp speed, the equation for v should be rearranged to be in terms of t, and then solved for the case of v being equal to the warp speed (in m/s)

\begin{align} v & = k*e^{kt}\\ \frac{v}{k} & = e^{kt}\\ kt & = \ln{(\frac{v}{k})}\\ t & =\frac{\ln{(\frac{v}{k})}}{k}\\ \end{align}

We want to find the time taken to maximum warp:

\begin{align} v_{warp} & = k * a\\ t_{accel} & = \frac{\ln{(\frac{v_{warp}}{k})}}{k}\\ \end{align}

This formula can be simplified further to $\frac{\ln{a}}{k}$, although you may choose not to do this for implementation reasons.

### Deceleration

Deceleration is calculated slightly differently. Instead of using k to calculate distance and velocity, it uses j, which is defined as $\min(\frac{k}{3},2)$. A different rate of deceleration is used to prevent ships suddenly transitioning from "many, many AU away" to "on grid and out of warp" more rapidly than other pilots (or the server / client) can keep up with.

There is a complication with deceleration calculations. Ships do not drop out of warp at 0 m/s. Instead, they drop out of warp at s m/s, after which normal sub-warp calculations take over.

$s = \min(100, v_{subwarp}/2)$

Where vsubwarp is the maximum subwarp velocity of the ship; this varies greatly depending on the ship hull and pilot skills.

Distance

This changes the formulae used slightly. Remember that distance travelled is the integral of velocity.

\begin{align} v & = k * e^{jt}\\ d & = \int_{0}^{\infty}k*e^{jt}\,dt = \frac{k*e^{jt}}{j}\\ & = \frac{v}{j} \end{align}

The distance covered while decelerating from vwarp is

\begin{align} d_{decel} & = \frac{v_{warp}}{j} = \frac{k*a}{j} \end{align}

Note that for ships that travel at up to 6 AU/s, k / j = k / (k/3) = 3, so these ships cover 3 AU while decelerating. The complication of not stopping warp at 0 can be safely ignored for distance calculations, because the distance that would be covered while decelerating from 100 m/s is insignificant compared to the ~450 billion meters it takes to decelerate from warp speed to warp drop speed.

Time

As with acceleration, time to decelerate from maximum warp velocity is worked out by rearranging the velocity equation.

\begin{align} v &= k*e^{jt}\\ \frac{v}{k} & = e ^ {jt}\\ t & = \frac{\ln{(\frac{v}{k})}}{j} \end{align}

While the deceleration from s to 0 was insignificant in terms of distance, it is significant in terms of time. This means that the time to decelerate is calculated as follows:

\begin{align} t_{decel} & = t_{decel\_warp} - t_{decel\_s}\\ & = \frac{\ln{(\frac{v_{warp}}{k})}}{j} - \frac{\ln{(\frac{s}{k})}}{j}\\ & = \frac{\ln{(\frac{v_{warp}}{k})} - \ln{(\frac{s}{k})}}{j}\\ & = \frac{\ln{v_{warp}} - \ln{k} - \ln{s} + \ln{k}}{j}\\ & = \frac{\ln{v_{warp}} - \ln{s}}{j}\\ & = \frac{\ln{(\frac{v_{warp}}{s})}}{j} \end{align}

### Cruising

Distance

The distance covered while cruising is the total warp distance minus any distance covered while accelerating or decelerating.

$d_{cruise} = d_{total} - d_{accel} - d_{decel}$

For all but the fastest ships, this will be dtotal - 4 AU.

Time

Time spent cruising is:

$t_{cruise} = \frac{d_{cruise}}{v_{warp}}$

## Short Warps

The above calculations work as long as some time is spent at maximum warp speed; $d_{total} \geq d_{accel} + d_{decel}$. If the warp is short enough that the ship never reaches top speed, a different set of calculations are needed.

\begin{align} d_{accel} & = \frac{v_{max}}{k}, d_{decel} = \frac{v_{max}}{j}\\ d_{total} & = d_{accel} + d_{decel} = v_{max}(\frac{1}{k} + \frac{1}{j})\\ v_{max} & = \frac{d_{total}*k*j}{k + j} \end{align}

This enables the calculation of new acceleration and deceleration times using the formulae described in the previous sections, but substituting in the new vmax:

\begin{align} t_{accel} & = \frac{\ln{(\frac{v_{max}}{k})}}{k}\\ t_{decel} & = \frac{\ln{(\frac{v_{max}}{s})}}{j}\\ t_{total} & = t_{accel} + t_{decel} \end{align}

## Implementation

The following python code is one possible implementation of the above. It attempts to generate the same data as presented by CCP in the forums. It matches with their numbers, except for 50 AU titan warps, which are one second out. Note that the sub warp speed of the ship is fixed at 200 m/s. This is because the CCP-produced tables assume that every ship drops out of warp at 100 m/s[2]. If trying to run calculations for actual ships, this value will need to be replaced with a more appropriate one. The output values are also passed through the ceil() function, as this is what seems to match the rounding mode that CCP used.[3]

import math
AU_IN_M=149597870700

def get_distance(dist):
if dist > 1e9:
return (dist / AU_IN_M, "AU")
else:
return (dist/1000, "KM")

# Warp speed in AU/s, subwarp speed in m/s, distance in m
def calculate_time_in_warp(max_warp_speed, max_subwarp_speed, warp_dist):

k_accel = max_warp_speed
k_decel = min(max_warp_speed / 3, 2)

warp_dropout_speed = min(max_subwarp_speed / 2, 100)
max_ms_warp_speed = max_warp_speed * AU_IN_M

accel_dist = max_ms_warp_speed / k_accel
decel_dist = max_ms_warp_speed / k_decel

minimum_dist = accel_dist + decel_dist

cruise_time = 0

if minimum_dist > warp_dist:
max_ms_warp_speed = warp_dist * k_accel * k_decel / (k_accel + k_decel)
else:
cruise_time = (warp_dist - minimum_dist) / max_ms_warp_speed

accel_time = math.log(max_ms_warp_speed / k_accel) / k_accel
decel_time = math.log(max_ms_warp_speed / warp_dropout_speed) / k_decel

total_time = cruise_time + accel_time + decel_time
distance = get_distance(warp_dist)
return total_time

distances = [150e3, 1e9, AU_IN_M * 1, AU_IN_M * 2, AU_IN_M * 5, AU_IN_M * 10, AU_IN_M * 20, AU_IN_M * 50, AU_IN_M * 100, AU_IN_M * 200]
speeds = [1.36, 1.5, 2, 2.2, 2.5, 2.75, 3, 3.3, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 8]

result = {}
for speed in speeds:
for dist in distances:
result[(dist, speed)] = calculate_time_in_warp(speed, 200, dist)

print("{:9s}".format(""), end="")
for speed in speeds:
print("{:9.2f}".format(speed), end="")

last_dist = 1e999
for x,y in sorted(result.keys()):
dist = get_distance(x)
if (y < last_dist):
print("\n{:7.5n} {:s}".format(dist[0],dist[1]), end="")
last_dist = y

print("{:9.0f}".format(math.ceil(result[x,y])), end="")

print()


### Output

                                                          Warp Speed (AU/s)
Distance     1.36     1.50     2.00     2.20     2.50     2.75     3.00     3.30     4.50     5.00     5.50     6.00     8.00
150 KM       22       20       16       14       13       12       11       10        8        7        7        6        6
1e+06 KM       48       44       33       30       27       25       23       21       16       14       13       12       11
1 AU       63       57       43       40       35       32       29       27       20       18       17       15       14
2 AU       65       59       45       41       36       33       30       28       21       19       17       16       15
5 AU       67       61       47       43       38       34       32       29       22       19       18       16       15
10 AU       71       65       49       45       40       36       33       30       23       20       19       17       16
20 AU       78       71       54       49       44       40       37       33       25       22       21       19       17
50 AU      100       91       69       63       56       51       47       43       32       28       26       24       21
100 AU      137      125       94       86       76       69       63       58       43       38       35       32       27
200 AU      211      191      144      131      116      105       97       88       65       58       53       49       40