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UniWiki:Manual of Style/Capital letters: Difference between revisions

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→Items that require initial lower case: Removed reference to nonexistent page.
 
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* Proper names of specific [[Wikipedia:military awards and decorations|military awards and decorations]] are capitalized ({{xt|Medal of Honor}}, {{xt|Victoria Cross}}).
* Proper names of specific [[Wikipedia:military awards and decorations|military awards and decorations]] are capitalized ({{xt|Medal of Honor}}, {{xt|Victoria Cross}}).


=={{anchor|Acronyms and initialisms}} Acronyms==
==Acronyms==
<!-- This Anchor tag serves to provide a permanent target for incoming section links. Please do not move it out of the section heading, even though it disrupts edit summary generation (you can manually fix the edit summary before you save your changes). Please do not modify it, even if you modify the section title. It is always best to anchor an old section header that has been changed so that links to it won't be broken. See [[Template:Anchor]] for details. (This text: [[Template:Anchor comment]]) -->
{{See also|UniWiki:Manual of Style/Abbreviations#Acronyms}}
{{Shortcut|MOS:CAPSACRS}}{{Anchor|Acronyms}}
On the UniWiki, most [[Wikipedia:Acronyms|acronyms]] are written in all capital letters (such as ''[[Wikipedia:NATO|NATO]]'', ''[[Wikipedia:BBC|BBC]]'', and ''[[Wikipedia:JPEG|JPEG]]'').  The UniWiki does not follow the practice of distinguishing between acronyms and [[Wikipedia:Acronym#Nomenclature|initialisms]]. Do not write acronyms that are pronounced as if they were a word with an initial capital letter only, e.g. do not write {{xt|UNESCO}} as {{!xt|Unesco}}, or {{xt|NASA}} as {{!xt|Nasa}}.
{{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations#Acronyms}}
* Some acronyms (mostly trademarks like ''[[Wikipedia:Yahoo!|Yahoo!]]'' and ''[[Wikipedia:Taser|Taser]]'') conventionally or officially use a mixture of capitals and lower-case letters, even non-letters; for any given example, use the spelling that is most commonly used (e.g., ''[[Wikipedia:LaTeX|LaTeX]]'', ''[[Wikipedia:M&Ms|M&Ms]]'', ''[[Wikipedia:3M|3M]]'', and ''[[Wikipedia:InBev|InBev]]'').  Do not mimic trademark stylization otherwise.
On Wikipedia, most [[acronyms]] are written in all capital letters (such as ''[[NATO]]'', ''[[BBC]]'', and ''[[JPEG]]'').  Wikipedia does not follow the practice of distinguishing between acronyms and [[Acronym#Nomenclature|initialism]]s. Do not write acronyms that are pronounced as if they were a word with an initial capital letter only, e.g. do not write {{xt|UNESCO}} as {{!xt|Unesco}}, or {{xt|NASA}} as {{!xt|Nasa}}.
* Non-trademarked acronyms that have become assimilated into English as everyday words may be written as common nouns when it is conventional to do so (e.g. ''[[Wikipedia:Scuba|scuba]]'' and ''[[Wikipedia:Laser|laser]]'', but ''[[Wikipedia:ZIP code|ZIP code]]'' and ''bank [[Wikipedia:Personal identification number|PIN]]'').
* Some acronyms (mostly trademarks like ''[[Yahoo!]]'' and ''[[Taser]]'') conventionally or officially use a mixture of capitals and lower-case letters, even non-letters; for any given example, use the spelling found in the majority of [[WP:Identifying reliable sources|reliable]], [[WP:Independent sources|independent sources]] (e.g., ''[[LaTeX]]'', ''[[M&Ms]]'', ''[[3M]]'', and ''[[InBev]]'').  Do not mimic trademark stylization otherwise {{crossref|(see [[WP:Manual of Style/Trademarks]])}}.
* Non-trademarked acronyms that have become assimilated into English as everyday words may be written as common nouns when it is conventional to do so (e.g. ''[[scuba]]'' and ''[[laser]]'', but ''[[ZIP code]]'' and ''bank [[Personal identification number|PIN]]'').


Use only source-attested acronyms; [[WP:No original research|do not make up]] new ones (for example, the [[World Pool-Billiard Association]] is the WPA, and it is not referred to as the "[[Women's Professional Billiard Association|WPBA]]").
Use only commonly-used acronyms; do not make up new ones (for example, the [[Wikipedia:World Pool-Billiard Association|World Pool-Billiard Association]] is the WPA, and it is not referred to as the "[[Wikipedia:Women's Professional Billiard Association|WPBA]]").


"Also known as", when abbreviated on second or later occurrences, or in a table, should be given as {{xt|a.k.a.}} or {{xt|AKA}} (whichever reads easier in the context). Do not use {{!xt|aka}}, {{!xt|A/K/A}}, or other unusual renderings.
"Also known as", when abbreviated on second or later occurrences, or in a table, should be given as {{xt|a.k.a.}} or {{xt|AKA}} (whichever reads easier in the context). Do not use {{!xt|aka}}, {{!xt|A/K/A}}, or other unusual renderings.
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|}
|}


Similarly, when showing the source of an [[acronym]] or [[abbreviation#Syllabic abbreviation|syllabic abbreviation]], emphasizing the letters that make up the acronym is undesirable:
Similarly, when showing the source of an [[Wikipedia:Acronym|acronym]] or [[Wikipedia:abbreviation#Syllabic abbreviation|syllabic abbreviation]], emphasizing the letters that make up the acronym is undesirable:


:''Incorrect'': {{!xt|FOREX (FOReign EXchange)}}
:''Incorrect'': {{!xt|FOREX (FOReign EXchange)}}
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==All caps==
==All caps==
{{Shortcut|MOS:ALLCAPS|MOS:SMALLCAPS}}


Avoid writing with [[all caps|all capitals]], including [[small caps]], when they have only a stylistic function. Reduce them to one of the other [[title case#Headings and publication titles|title cases]] or normal case, as appropriate.
Avoid writing with [[Wikipedia:all caps|all capitals]], including [[Wikipedia:Small caps|small caps]], when they have only a stylistic function. Reduce them to one of the other [[Wikipedia:title case#Headings and publication titles|title cases]] or normal case, as appropriate.
* Reduce newspaper headlines and other titles from all caps to [[letter case#Usage|sentence case]] or title case. For example, replace the headline "WAR BEGINS TODAY" with {{xt|"War begins today"}} or {{xt|"War Begins Today"}}.<ref>E.g.: {{cite news |work=The New York Times |url= http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0910.html#article |title=Troops Use Machine Gun on Boston Mob; 5,000 Guarding City as Riots Continue; City Acclaims Parade of Fighting First |accessdate=January 8, 2009 |date=September 10, 1919}}</ref>
* Reduce newspaper headlines and other titles from all caps to [[Wikipedia:letter case#Usage|sentence case]] or title case. For example, replace the headline "WAR BEGINS TODAY" with {{xt|"War begins today"}} or {{xt|"War Begins Today"}}.
* Reduce track titles on albums where all or most tracks are listed in all capitals. ''For which words should be capitalized, see [[#Composition titles|Composition titles]], below.''
* Reduce track titles on albums where all or most tracks are listed in all capitals. ''For which words should be capitalized, see [[#Composition titles|Composition titles]], below.''
* Reduce court decisions from all caps. Write {{xt|''[[Roe v. Wade]]''}}, even though the decision when issued was "ROE v. WADE".<ref>''[[Roe v. Wade]]'', {{ussc|410|113|1973}}.</ref>
* Reduce proclamations, such as those for the [[Wikipedia:Medal of Honor|Medal of Honor]], from all capitals.
* Reduce proclamations, such as those for the [[Medal of Honor]], from all capitals.
* Reduce text written in all capitals in trademarks.
* Reduce text written in all capitals in trademarks – ''see [[WP:Manual of Style/Trademarks]]''.
* Reduce Latin quotations and terms from all capitals.<ref>The alphabet in which Latin was originally written had no lower case.</ref> ''See also [[UniWiki:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Foreign terms|UniWiki:Manual of Style/Text formatting §&thinsp;Foreign terms]].''
* Reduce Latin quotations and terms from all capitals.<ref>The alphabet in which Latin was originally written had no lower case.</ref> ''See also [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Foreign terms|WP:Manual of Style/Text formatting §&thinsp;Foreign terms]].''
* Do not write with all capitals for emphasis; italics are preferred ''(see [[#Do not use for emphasis|Do not use for emphasis]] above)''.
* Do not write with all capitals for emphasis; italics are preferred ''(see [[#Do not use for emphasis|Do not use for emphasis]] above)''.


Certain words may be written with all capitals or small capitals. Examples include:
Certain words may be written with all capitals or small capitals. Examples include:
* Acronyms and initialisms {{see above|Acronyms|short=y}}
* Acronyms and initialisms ''(See [[#Acronyms|above]])
* In religion, renderings of the [[tetragrammaton]]; ''see [[Template:LORD]]''
* Certain citation styles (e.g. that of the Linguistic Society of America or Bluebook) require that certain parts of the citation, such as author names in alphabetical reference sections be written in small caps. If an editor has chosen this style, it should be respected per [[Wikipedia:WP:CITEVAR|Wikipedia:Citing sources]].
* In linguistics and philology, [[interlinear gloss]]ing of grammatical morphemes (as opposed to lexical morphemes), and transcription of [[logogram]]s (as opposed to phonograms)
* Certain citation styles (e.g. that of the Linguistic Society of America or Bluebook) require that certain parts of the citation, such as author names in alphabetical reference sections be written in small caps. If an editor has chosen this style, it should be respected per [[WP:CITEVAR]].
* Texts and example words in Classical Latin and Greek may be given in all or small caps to reflect the [[unicase]] letterforms of that era.


==Trademarks==
== Items that require initial lower case ==
{{main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks}}


For trademarks, editors should choose among styles already in common use (not invent new ones) and among those use the style that most closely resembles standard English text formatting and capitalization rules. For trademarks that are given in mixed or non-capitalization by their owners (such as [[adidas]]), follow standard English text formatting and capitalization rules for [[proper name]]s (in this case, {{xt|Adidas}}). The mixed or non-capitalized formatting should be mentioned in the article lead, or illustrated with a graphical logo.
In contexts where the case of symbols is significant, like those related to [[Wikipedia:Programming language|programming languages]], [[Wikipedia:Mathematical notation|mathematical notation]] (for example, the mathematical constant [[Wikipedia:e (mathematical constant)|''e'']] is not equivalent to ''E''), or the names of [[Wikipedia:SI units|units of physical quantities]] or their symbols, the correct case should always be retained, even in situations where normal rules would require capitalization, such as at the beginning of a sentence. Try to avoid putting such lowercase symbols at the start of a sentence within running text.


Trademarks beginning with a one-letter lowercase prefix pronounced as a separate letter, followed by a capitalized second letter, such as [[iPod]] and [[eBay]], are written in that form if this has become normal English usage. For considerations relating to such items, see the following section.
Some individuals do not want their personal names capitalized. In such cases, Wikipedia articles may use lower case variants of personal names if they have regular and established use (for example, [[Wikipedia:k.d. lang|k.d. lang]]). When such a name is the first word in a sentence, the rule for [[#Initial letters in sentences and list items|initial letters in sentences and list items]] should take precedence, and the first letter of the personal name should be capitalized regardless of personal preference.
 
== {{Anchor|LCITEMS}}Items that require initial lower case ==
{{Shortcut|MOS:LCITEMS}}
 
In contexts where the case of symbols is significant, like those related to [[programming language]]s, [[mathematical notation]] (for example, the mathematical constant [[e (mathematical constant)|''e'']] is not equivalent to ''E''), or the names of [[SI units|units of physical quantities]] or their symbols, the correct case should always be retained, even in situations where normal rules would require capitalization, such as at the beginning of a sentence. Try to avoid putting such lowercase symbols at the start of a sentence within running text. (See also [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics]].)
 
Some individuals do not want their personal names capitalized. In such cases, Wikipedia articles may use lower case variants of personal names if they have regular and established use in reliable third-party sources (for example, [[k.d. lang]]). When such a name is the first word in a sentence, the rule for [[#Initial letters in sentences and list items|initial letters in sentences and list items]] should take precedence, and the first letter of the personal name should be capitalized regardless of personal preference.
 
For proprietary names such as [[eBay]], see [[#Trademarks|Trademarks]] above.
 
If an article title begins with such a letter that needs to be in lower case (as in the above examples), use the {{tl|lowercase}} template or equivalent code. Note that it is not currently possible to make [[Wikipedia:Category|categories]] display with an initial lowercase letter in an article's category box. Hence the link to [[:Category:eBay]] at the foot of the article [[eBay]] must display as "EBay". Similarly the article title [[eBay]] will be displayed as "EBay" in the category listing.
 
==''Anglo-'' and similar prefixes==
 
Most words with prefixes such as ''Anglo-, Franco-,'' etc., are capitalized. For example, ''Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-French'' and ''Anglo-Norman'' are all capitalized. However, there is some variation concerning a small number of words of French origin. In French, these words are not capitalized, and this sometimes carries over to English. There are variations by country, and since editors often refer to only one dictionary, they may unwittingly contravene [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Varieties of English|WP:Manual of Style §&thinsp;Varieties of English]] by changing usage to that of their own country. In general terms, Americans are most favourable to capitalization and Canadians least favourable, with other countries falling somewhere in between. The main exceptions to the capitalization rule are the following.<ref>Sources have been consulted for the U.S., Canada, the UK, Australia and New Zealand, but not for Ireland or South Africa. Sources: U.S.: ''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary'', 10th ed., ''The New Oxford American Dictionary''. Canada: ''The Canadian Oxford Dictionary'', ''Gage Canadian Dictionary''. UK: ''The Oxford Dictionary of English'' (2nd edition revised), ''The Concise Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary'' (English–French). Australia: ''The Australian Oxford Dictionary''. New Zealand: ''The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary''.</ref>
* ''anglicism, gallicism'', etc. These words are often, but not always, capitalized. ''Anglicism'' is less likely to be capitalized in Canada.
* ''anglicize, gallicize,'' etc. ''Anglicize'' is often capitalized in the U.S., and sometimes in other countries. ''Gallicize'' is often capitalized in the U.S., and usually capitalized in other countries.
* ''anglophile, francophile,'' etc. Words in this category are usually capitalized both as nouns and adjectives, except in Canada, where they sometimes are.
* ''anglophobe, francophobe,'' etc. Words in this category are capitalized in all countries except Canada, where they sometimes are. The same applies to ''anglophobic''.
* ''anglophone, francophone,'' etc. These words are often capitalized in the U.S. as adjectives, and usually as nouns. They are usually not capitalized in other countries, whether as nouns or adjectives.


==Composition titles==
==Composition titles==
{{Merge to |section=y |Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Capital letters |reason=We badly need to consolidate the scattered titles-related advice, and have a whole page for it. Only a Template:Main and a summary need be left here. |date=August 2016 |discuss=Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style#Merger discussion}}
{{Shortcut|MOS:CT}}
{{Wikipedia:Manual of Style/titles hatnote include|where=MOS:CAPS#CT}}


For [[title case]], the words that are not capitalized (unless they are the first or last word of the title) are:
For [[Wikipedia:Title case|title case]], the words that are not capitalized (unless they are the first or last word of the title) are:
* [[Article (grammar)|Articles]] (''a'', ''an'', ''the'')
* [[Wikipedia:Article (grammar)|Articles]] (''a'', ''an'', ''the'')
* Short [[grammatical conjunction#Coordinating conjunctions|coordinating conjunctions]] (''and'', ''but'', ''or'', {{nobr|''nor''{{hsp}};}} also ''for'', ''yet'', ''so'' when used as conjunctions)
* Short [[Wikipedia:grammatical conjunction#Coordinating conjunctions|coordinating conjunctions]] (''and'', ''but'', ''or'', ''nor''; also ''for'', ''yet'', ''so'' when used as conjunctions)
* [[Preposition and postposition|Prepositions]] containing four letters or fewer (''as'', ''in'', ''of'', ''on'', ''to'', ''for'', ''from'', ''like'', ''over'', ''with'', etc.) but see below for instances where these words are not used as prepositions
* [[Wikipedia:Preposition and postposition|Prepositions]] containing four letters or fewer (''as'', ''in'', ''of'', ''on'', ''to'', ''for'', ''from'', ''like'', ''over'', ''with'', etc.) but see below for instances where these words are not used as prepositions
* The word ''to'' in [[infinitive]]s.
* The word ''to'' in [[Wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitives]].


The following words ''should'' be capitalized in English-language titles:
The following words ''should'' be capitalized in English-language titles:
* The first and last word of the title
* The first and last word of the title
* Every [[adjective]], [[adverb]], [[noun]], [[pronoun]] and [[Conjunction (grammar)#Subordinating conjunctions|subordinating conjunction]] (''Me'', ''It'', ''His'', ''If'', etc.)
* Every [[Wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]], [[Wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]], [[Wikipedia:Noun|noun]], [[Wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]] and [[Wikipedia:Conjunction (grammar)#Subordinating conjunctions|subordinating conjunction]] (''Me'', ''It'', ''His'', ''If'', etc.)
* Every [[verb]], including forms of ''to be'' (''Be'', ''Am'', ''Is'', ''Are'', ''Was'', ''Were'', ''Been'')
* Every [[Wikipedia:Verb|verb]], including forms of ''to be'' (''Be'', ''Am'', ''Is'', ''Are'', ''Was'', ''Were'', ''Been'')
* Prepositions that contain five letters or more (''During'', ''Through'', ''About'', ''Until'', ''Below'', etc.)
* Prepositions that contain five letters or more (''During'', ''Through'', ''About'', ''Until'', ''Below'', etc.)
* Words that have the same form as prepositions, but are not being used specifically as prepositions
* Words that have the same form as prepositions, but are not being used specifically as prepositions
** Particles of [[phrasal verb]]s (e.g. "Give Up the Ghost", "Puttin' On the Ritz")
** Particles of [[Wikipedia:Phrasal verb|phrasal verbs]] (e.g. "Give Up the Ghost", "Puttin' On the Ritz")
** The first word in a [[compound preposition]] (e.g. "Time Out of Mind")
** The first word in a [[Wikipedia:Compound preposition|compound preposition]] (e.g. "Time Out of Mind")
In hyphenated terms, capitalize each part according to the applicable rule (e.g. {{xt|''The Out-of-Towners''}}), unless reliable sources consistently do otherwise for the work in question (e.g. {{xt|''The History of Middle-earth''}}).
In hyphenated terms, capitalize each part according to the applicable rule (e.g. {{xt|''The Out-of-Towners''}}), unless reliable sources consistently do otherwise for the work in question (e.g. {{xt|''The History of Middle-earth''}}).
For titles with subtitles or parenthetical phrases, capitalize as if they were separate titles (e.g. {{xt|"(Don't Fear) The Reaper"}}).
For titles with subtitles or parenthetical phrases, capitalize as if they were separate titles (e.g. {{xt|"(Don't Fear) The Reaper"}}).


If a work is known by its first line of text and lacks a separate title, then the first line, rendered in [[sentence case]], should be used as its title.
If a work is known by its first line of text and lacks a separate title, then the first line, rendered in [[Wikipedia:Sentence case|sentence case]], should be used as its title.
* An example of this would be ''[[Remember not, Lord, our offences]]'', a musical setting of excerpted passage from a liturgical text:
* An example of this would be ''[[Wikipedia:Remember not, Lord, our offences|Remember not, Lord, our offences]]'', a musical setting of excerpted passage from a liturgical text:
:{|style="background:transparent"
:{|style="background:transparent"
|-valign=top
|-valign=top
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|''Correct'': ||&nbsp; ||{{xt|Remember not, Lord, our offences}}
|''Correct'': ||&nbsp; ||{{xt|Remember not, Lord, our offences}}
|}
|}
{{shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNTITLE}}{{strong|Capitalization in foreign-language titles varies}}, even over time within the same language. Retain the style of the original for modern works, and follow the dominant usage in English-language reliable sources for historical works.
: {{em|Correct}}: {{xt|''{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}''}} (French; the English title is ''Dangerous Liaisons'')
: {{em|Correct}}: {{xt|''{{lang|es|El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha}}''}} (Spanish; the English title is ''The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha'', or ''Don Quixote'' for short)
: {{em|Correct}}: {{xt|"{{lang|de|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} (German; there is no English title, though it translates as "Hymn to the Holy Ghost")
Non-English titles should be wrapped in the {{tlx|lang}} template (inside surrounding italics or quotation marks), with the proper language code, e.g.: <code><nowiki>"{{lang|de|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"</nowiki></code>.


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:UniWiki Manual of Style]]
Retrieved from "https://wiki.eveuniversity.org/UniWiki:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters"