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UniWiki:Manual of Style/Linking: Difference between revisions

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{{hatnote|For technical information about link formatting, see [[Wikipedia:Help:Link].}}
{{hatnote|For technical information about link formatting, see [[Wikipedia:Help:Link]].}}
{{hatnote|For information on adding external links to articles, see [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:External links|Wikipedia:External links]].}}
{{hatnote|For information on adding external links to articles, see [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:External links|Wikipedia:External links]].}}
{{UMoS guideline}}
{{UMoS guideline}}
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'''Linking''' through [[Wikipedia:Hyperlink|hyperlinks]] is an important feature of the UniWiki (and MediaWiki software in general. Internal links bind the project together into an interconnected whole. [[Wikipedia:Interwiki links|Interwiki links]] bind the UniWiki to other useful resources such as [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia|Wikipedia]], [[Wikipedia:Wiktionary|Wiktionary]], and external links bind the UniWiki to the [[Wikipedia:World Wide Web|World Wide Web]].
'''Linking''' through [[Wikipedia:Hyperlink|hyperlinks]] is an important feature of the UniWiki (and MediaWiki software in general. Internal links bind the project together into an interconnected whole. [[Wikipedia:Interwiki links|Interwiki links]] bind the UniWiki to other useful resources such as [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia|Wikipedia]], [[Wikipedia:Wiktionary|Wiktionary]], and external links bind the UniWiki to the [[Wikipedia:World Wide Web|World Wide Web]].


Appropriate links provide instant pathways to locations within and outside the project that are likely to increase readers' understanding of the topic at hand. Whenever writing or editing an article, it is important to consider not only what to put in the article, but what links to include to help the reader find related information, as well as which other pages should carry links ''to'' the article. Care should be taken to avoid both [[#Underlinking|underlinking]] and [[#Overlinking|overlinking]], as described below.
Appropriate links provide instant pathways to locations within and outside the project that are likely to increase readers' understanding of the topic at hand. Whenever writing or editing an article, it is important to consider not only what to put in the article, but what links to include to help the reader find related information, as well as which other pages should carry links ''to'' the article. Care should be taken to avoid both [[#Overlinking and underlinking|underlinking]] and [[#Overlinking and underlinking|overlinking]], as described below.


This page provides guidelines as to when links should and should not be used, and how to format links. Detailed information about the syntax used to create links can be found at [[Wikipedia:Help:Link]]. The rules on linking applicable to [[Wikipedia:WP:Disambiguation|disambiguation]] pages are set out in the [[UniWiki:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages|disambiguation style guide]].
This page provides guidelines as to when links should and should not be used, and how to format links. Detailed information about the syntax used to create links can be found at [[Wikipedia:Help:Link]]. The rules on linking applicable to [[Wikipedia:WP:Disambiguation|disambiguation]] pages are set out in the [[UniWiki:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages|disambiguation style guide]].
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===General points on linking style===
===General points on linking style===


*As explained in more detail at [[Wikipedia:Help:Link|Wikipedia:Wikilinks}}, linking can be "direct" (<code><nowiki>[[Exploration]]</nowiki></code>, which results in {{xt|[[Exploration]]}}), or "piped" (<code><nowiki>[[Exploration|exploring]]</nowiki></code>, which results in {{xt|[[Exploration|exploring]]}} in the text, but still links to the article "[[Exploration]]" (though [[Wikipedia:Help:Pipe trick|Pipe trick]] is an easier way to create this particular link).
*As explained in more detail at [[Wikipedia:Help:Link|Wikipedia:Wikilinks]], linking can be "direct" (<code><nowiki>[[Exploration]]</nowiki></code>, which results in {{xt|[[Exploration]]}}), or "piped" (<code><nowiki>[[Exploration|exploring]]</nowiki></code>, which results in {{xt|[[Exploration|exploring]]}} in the text, but still links to the article "[[Exploration]]" (though [[Wikipedia:Help:Pipe trick|Pipe trick]] is an easier way to create this particular link).
*Section headings should not themselves contain links; instead, a {{tl|main}} or {{tl|see also}} template should be placed immediately after the heading.
*Section headings should not themselves contain links; instead, a {{tl|main}} or {{tl|see also}} template should be placed immediately after the heading.
*Links should not be placed in the [[UniWiki:Manual of Style/Lead section#Format of the first sentence|boldface reiteration of the title]] in the opening sentence of a lead.<ref>Many, but not all, articles repeat the article title in bold face in the first line of the article. Linking the article to itself produces '''boldface text'''; this practice is discouraged as page moves will result in a useless circular link through a redirect. Linking ''part'' of the bolded text is also discouraged because it changes the visual effect of bolding; some readers will miss the visual cue which is the purpose of using bold face in the first place.</ref>
*Links should not be placed in the [[UniWiki:Manual of Style/Lead section#Format of the first sentence|boldface reiteration of the title]] in the opening sentence of a lead.<ref>Many, but not all, articles repeat the article title in bold face in the first line of the article. Linking the article to itself produces '''boldface text'''; this practice is discouraged as page moves will result in a useless circular link through a redirect. Linking ''part'' of the bolded text is also discouraged because it changes the visual effect of bolding; some readers will miss the visual cue which is the purpose of using bold face in the first place.</ref>
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The function of links is to clarify, not emphasize; do not create links in order to draw attention to certain words or ideas, or as a mark of respect.
The function of links is to clarify, not emphasize; do not create links in order to draw attention to certain words or ideas, or as a mark of respect.


Generally, a link should appear only {{em|once}} in an article, but if helpful for readers, a link may be repeated in [[UniWiki:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|infoboxes]], tables, image captions, [[Wikipedia:Help:Footnotes|footnotes]], [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Hatnote|hatnotes]], and at the first occurrence after the lead.
Generally, a link should appear only ''once'' in an article, but if helpful for readers, a link may be repeated in [[UniWiki:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|infoboxes]], tables, image captions, [[Wikipedia:Help:Footnotes|footnotes]], [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Hatnote|hatnotes]], and at the first occurrence after the lead.


Duplicate linking in lists is permissible if it significantly aids the reader. This is most often the case when the list is presenting information that could just as aptly be formatted in a table, and is expected to be parsed for particular bits of data, not read from top to bottom. If the list is normal article prose that happens to be formatted as a list, treat it as normal article prose.
Duplicate linking in lists is permissible if it significantly aids the reader. This is most often the case when the list is presenting information that could just as aptly be formatted in a table, and is expected to be parsed for particular bits of data, not read from top to bottom. If the list is normal article prose that happens to be formatted as a list, treat it as normal article prose.
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*Consider [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Starting an article|creating the article]] yourself.
*Consider [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Starting an article|creating the article]] yourself.
*If an article on the specific topic does not yet exist, create a redirect page to the article about a more general topic, as described in section {{section link||Redirects}}. For example, if no article yet exists on the song "Sad Statue" from the album ''Mezmerize'', create a new article called [[Wikipedia:Sad Status|Sad Statue]] that is a redirect to the article ''[[Wikipedia:Mezmerize (album)|Mezmerize]]''.
*If an article on the specific topic does not yet exist, create a redirect page to the article about a more general topic, as described in section {{section link||Redirects}}. For example, if no article yet exists on the song "Sad Statue" from the album ''Mezmerize'', create a new article called [[Wikipedia:Sad Status|Sad Statue]] that is a redirect to the article ''[[Wikipedia:Mezmerize (album)|Mezmerize]]''.
*If there is no article on a more general topic either, then create a [[redlink|red link]], but first read {{section link||Red links}} below.
*If there is no article on a more general topic either, then create a [[red link|red link]], but first read {{section link||Red links}} below.


When neither a redirect nor a red link appear appropriate, consider linking to a more general article instead. For example, instead of {{xt|[[Wikipedia:Baroque hairstyles|Baroque hairstyles]]}}, write {{xt|[[Wikipedia:Baroque|Baroque]] hairstyles}}, {{xt|Baroque [[Wikipedia:Hairstyle|hairstyles]]}}, {{xt|Baroque hairstyles}}, or {{xt|[[Wikipedia:Hairstyle|hairstyles]] of the [[Wikipedia:Baroque|Baroque]]}}
When neither a redirect nor a red link appear appropriate, consider linking to a more general article instead. For example, instead of {{xt|[[Wikipedia:Baroque hairstyles|Baroque hairstyles]]}}, write {{xt|[[Wikipedia:Baroque|Baroque]] hairstyles}}, {{xt|Baroque [[Wikipedia:Hairstyle|hairstyles]]}}, {{xt|Baroque hairstyles}}, or {{xt|[[Wikipedia:Hairstyle|hairstyles]] of the [[Wikipedia:Baroque|Baroque]]}}
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===File type and size===
===File type and size===
If the link is not to an [[HTML]] or [[PDF]] file (the latter is identified automatically by the software with an icon like this: {{xt|[http://www.example.com/test.pdf]}}), identify the file type. Useful templates are available: {{tl|DOClink}}, {{tl|RTFlink}}. If a [[browser plugin]] is required to view the file, mention that as well. If a link is to a PDF file but doesn't end with <code>.pdf</code>, you can put a <code>#.pdf</code> at the end to flag it as a PDF.
If the link is not to an [[Wikipedia:HTML|HTML]] or [[Wikipedia:PDF|PDF]] file (the latter is identified automatically by the software with an icon like this: {{xt|[http://www.example.com/test.pdf]}}), identify the file type. If a [[Wikipedia:Browser plugin|browser plugin]] is required to view the file, mention that as well. If a link is to a PDF file but doesn't end with <code>.pdf</code>, you can put a <code>#.pdf</code> at the end to flag it as a PDF.


If the link is to a large file (in the case of HTML, consider the size of the entire page, including the images), a note about that is useful too. Someone with a slow (or expensive) connection may decide not to use it.
If the link is to a large file (in the case of HTML, consider the size of the entire page, including the images), a note about that is useful too. Someone with a slow (or expensive) connection may decide not to use it.


==Interwiki links==
==Interwiki links==
{{Main article|Help:Interlanguage links|Help:Interwikimedia links}}
{{hatnote|See also: [[Wikipedia:Help:Interwikimedia links]]}}


===Linking===
===Linking===
Interwiki links can take the form of:
Interwiki links can take the form of:
:<code><nowiki>[[wiktionary:article]]</nowiki></code> which appears as: [[wiktionary:article]]
:<code><nowiki>[[Wikipedia:article]]</nowiki></code> which appears as: [[Wikipedia:article]]


The pipe symbol suppresses the prefix:
The pipe symbol suppresses the prefix:
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Adding text after the pipe allows different text:
Adding text after the pipe allows different text:
:<code><nowiki>[[wiktionary:article|Any text]]</nowiki></code> → [[wiktionary:article|Any text]]
:<code><nowiki>[[Wikipedia:article|Any text]]</nowiki></code> → [[Wikipedia:article|Any text]]


To avoid reader confusion, inline interlanguage, or interwiki, linking within an article's body text is generally discouraged. Exceptions: [[Wiktionary]] and [[Wikisource]] entries may be linked inline (e.g. to an unusual word or the text of a document being discussed), and {{tl|ill}}, {{tl|ill2}}, or {{tl|ill-WD}} templates may be helpful in some cases to show both a [[WP:RED|red link]] and an interlanguage link.{{explain}}
To avoid reader confusion, inline interwiki linking within an article's body text is generally discouraged. Exceptions: [[Wikipedia:Wiktionary|Wiktionary]] and [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia|Wikipedia]] entries may be linked inline (e.g. to an unusual word or the text of a document being discussed).
 
===Floating boxes===
{{wikiquote|Jimmy Wales}}Floating boxes for links to articles in other Wikimedia Foundation projects such as Wiktionary and Wikiquote can be done with special link templates such as <code><nowiki>{{Wikiquote|Jimmy Wales}}</nowiki></code>. These will display as a box with a logo. Similar templates exist for some free content resources that are not run by the Wikimedia Foundation. These boxes are formatted in light green to distinguish them from Wikipedia's official sister projects. A list of such templates can be found at [[Wikipedia:List of templates linking to other free content projects]].


==Link maintenance==
==Link maintenance==
Linking and continual change are both central features of Wikipedia. However, continual change makes linking vulnerable to acquired technical faults, and to the later provision of different information from that which was originally intended. This is true of both "outgoing" links (''from'' an article) and "incoming" links (''to'' an article).
Linking and continual change are both central features of the UniWiki. However, continual change makes linking vulnerable to acquired technical faults, and to the later provision of different information from that which was originally intended. This is true of both "outgoing" links (''from'' an article) and "incoming" links (''to'' an article).
*''Outgoing links:'' These should be checked from time to time for unintended changes that are undesirable. If the opportunity arises to improve their formatting, appropriateness, and focus, this should be done.
*''Outgoing links:'' These should be checked from time to time for unintended changes that are undesirable. If the opportunity arises to improve their formatting, appropriateness, and focus, this should be done.
*''Incoming links:'' Creating an article will turn blue any existing red links to its title (proper redlinks are created only in the hope that an article will eventually be written). Therefore, when creating an article, it is wise to check "What links here" to identify such redlinks, if any, and that they are appropriate.
*''Incoming links:'' Creating an article will turn orange any existing red links to its title (proper red links are created only in the hope that an article will eventually be written). Therefore, when creating an article, it is wise to check "What links here" to identify such red links, if any, and that they are appropriate.
<!--==Transclusion in talk pages via linking==
[[WP:Transclusion|Transclusion]] means the inclusion of the content of one document in another document by reference, such as by linking. It is best to use transclusion linking rather than copying entire sections, such as in talk page discussions, so as to avoid [[Wikipedia:Article_creep#Talk_page_creep|article creep]].-->


==See also==
==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Linking dos and don'ts|Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Linking dos and don'ts]] (information page summarizing the key points of this guideline)
*[[Wikipedia:Linking dos and don'ts]] (information page summarizing the key points of this guideline)
*[[Wikipedia:Help:Interwikimedia links]]
*[[Help:Interwikimedia links]]
*[[Wikipedia:Help:Link color]]
*[[Help:Link color]]
*[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Dead-end pages|Wikipedia:Dead-end pages]], pages without internal links
*[[Help:Menu/Links]]
*[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Integrate|Wikipedia:Integrate]]
*[[Template:Dead end]]
*[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Links to (disambiguation) pages|Wikipedia:Links to (disambiguation) pages]]
*[[Template:Dead link]]
*[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Orphan|Wikipedia:Orphan]], pages without incoming links
*[[Template:Underlinked]]
*[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Red link|Wikipedia:Red link]] (example [[red link]])
*[[Wikipedia:Dead-end pages]], pages without internal links
*[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Walled garden|Wikipedia:Walled garden]]
*[[Wikipedia:Integrate]]
*[[Wikipedia:Links to (disambiguation) pages]]
*[[Wikipedia:Links to disambiguating pages]]
*[[Wikipedia:Linky tutorial]]
*[[Wikipedia:Orphan]], pages without incoming links
*[[Wikipedia:Red link]] ([[example red link]])
*[[Wikipedia:Walled garden]]
*{{Section link|Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information}}
*[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia doesn't use Allwiki]], the idea that every single word should be a link
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Orphanage]], editors dedicated to clearing up the immense backlog of orphaned articles
*<s>[[Template:Wikify]]</s> (deprecated)
}}
 
==Notes==
<references group="nb"/>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*{{cite journal
|last1=Silvers |first1=V. L.
|last2=Kreiner |first2=D. S.
|date=1997
|title=The Effects of Pre-existing Inappropriate Highlighting on Reading Comprehension
|journal=Reading Research and Instruction
|volume=36
|issue=3
|pages=217–223
|doi=10.1080/19388079709558240
|id={{MASID|3889799}}
}}
*[http://www.seoreviewtools.com/internal-link-analyzer/ Internal link analyzer] for automatic detection of [[#Overlinking|redundant links]] in Wikipedia