UniWiki:Manual of Style/Capital letters: Difference between revisions

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* Reduce track titles on albums where all or most tracks are listed in all capitals. ''For which words should be capitalized, see [[#Composition titles|Composition titles]], below.''

* Reduce proclamations, such as those for the [[Wikipedia:Medal of Honor|Medal of Honor]], from all capitals.

* Reduce text written in all capitals in trademarks ~~– ''see [[UniWiki:Manual of Style/Trademarks]]''~~.

* Reduce text written in all capitals in trademarks.

* Reduce Latin quotations and terms from all capitals.<ref>The alphabet in which Latin was originally written had no lower case.</ref> ''See also [[UniWiki:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Foreign terms|UniWiki:Manual of Style/Text formatting § Foreign terms]].''

* Do not write with all capitals for emphasis; italics are preferred ''(see [[#Do not use for emphasis|Do not use for emphasis]] above)''.

Line 198:

* Certain citation styles (e.g. that of the Linguistic Society of America or Bluebook) require that certain parts of the citation, such as author names in alphabetical reference sections be written in small caps. If an editor has chosen this style, it should be respected per [[Wikipedia:WP:CITEVAR|Wikipedia:Citing sources]].

== ~~{{Anchor|LCITEMS}}~~Items that require initial lower case ==

== Items that require initial lower case ==

~~{{Shortcut|MOS:LCITEMS}}~~

In contexts where the case of symbols is significant, like those related to [[programming ~~language~~]]s, [[mathematical notation]] (for example, the mathematical constant [[e (mathematical constant)|''e'']] is not equivalent to ''E''), or the names of [[SI units|units of physical quantities]] or their symbols, the correct case should always be retained, even in situations where normal rules would require capitalization, such as at the beginning of a sentence. Try to avoid putting such lowercase symbols at the start of a sentence within running text. ~~(See also [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics]].)~~

In contexts where the case of symbols is significant, like those related to [[Wikipedia:Programming language|programming languages]], [[Wikipedia:Mathematical notation|mathematical notation]] (for example, the mathematical constant [[Wikipedia:e (mathematical constant)|''e'']] is not equivalent to ''E''), or the names of [[Wikipedia:SI units|units of physical quantities]] or their symbols, the correct case should always be retained, even in situations where normal rules would require capitalization, such as at the beginning of a sentence. Try to avoid putting such lowercase symbols at the start of a sentence within running text.

Some individuals do not want their personal names capitalized. In such cases, Wikipedia articles may use lower case variants of personal names if they have regular and established use ~~in reliable third-party sources~~ (for example, [[k.d. lang]]). When such a name is the first word in a sentence, the rule for [[#Initial letters in sentences and list items|initial letters in sentences and list items]] should take precedence, and the first letter of the personal name should be capitalized regardless of personal preference.

Some individuals do not want their personal names capitalized. In such cases, Wikipedia articles may use lower case variants of personal names if they have regular and established use (for example, [[Wikipedia:k.d. lang|k.d. lang]]). When such a name is the first word in a sentence, the rule for [[#Initial letters in sentences and list items|initial letters in sentences and list items]] should take precedence, and the first letter of the personal name should be capitalized regardless of personal preference.

~~For proprietary names such as [[eBay]], see [[#Trademarks|Trademarks]] above.~~

If an article title begins with such a letter that needs to be in lower case (as in the above examples), use the {{tl|lowercase}} template or equivalent code. Note that it is not currently possible to make [[Wikipedia:Category|categories]] display with an initial lowercase letter in an article's category box. Hence the link to [[:Category:eBay]] at the foot of the article [[eBay]] must display as "EBay". Similarly the article title [[eBay]] will be displayed as "EBay" in the category listing.

~~==''Anglo-'' and similar prefixes==~~

Most words with prefixes such as ''Anglo-, Franco-,'' etc., are capitalized. For example, ''Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-French'' and ''Anglo-Norman'' are all capitalized. However, there is some variation concerning a small number of words of French origin. In French, these words are not capitalized, and this sometimes carries over to English. There are variations by country, and since editors often refer to only one dictionary, they may unwittingly contravene [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Varieties of English|WP:Manual of Style § Varieties of English]] by changing usage to that of their own country. In general terms, Americans are most favourable to capitalization and Canadians least favourable, with other countries falling somewhere in between. The main exceptions to the capitalization rule are the following.<ref>Sources have been consulted for the U.S., Canada, the UK, Australia and New Zealand, but not for Ireland or South Africa. Sources: U.S.: ''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary'', 10th ed., ''The New Oxford American Dictionary''. Canada: ''The Canadian Oxford Dictionary'', ''Gage Canadian Dictionary''. UK: ''The Oxford Dictionary of English'' (2nd edition revised), ''The Concise Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary'' (English–French). Australia: ''The Australian Oxford Dictionary''. New Zealand: ''The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary''.</ref>

* ''anglicism, gallicism'', etc. These words are often, but not always, capitalized. ''Anglicism'' is less likely to be capitalized in Canada.

* ''anglicize, gallicize,'' etc. ''Anglicize'' is often capitalized in the U.S., and sometimes in other countries. ''Gallicize'' is often capitalized in the U.S., and usually capitalized in other countries.

* ''anglophile, francophile,'' etc. Words in this category are usually capitalized both as nouns and adjectives, except in Canada, where they sometimes are.

* ''anglophobe, francophobe,'' etc. Words in this category are capitalized in all countries except Canada, where they sometimes are. The same applies to ''anglophobic''.

* ''anglophone, francophone,'' etc. These words are often capitalized in the U.S. as adjectives, and usually as nouns. They are usually not capitalized in other countries, whether as nouns or adjectives.

==Composition titles==

{{Merge to |section=y |Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Capital letters |reason=We badly need to consolidate the scattered titles-related advice, and have a whole page for it. Only a Template:Main and a summary need be left here. |date=August 2016 |discuss=Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style#Merger discussion}}

~~{{Shortcut|MOS:CT}}~~

~~{{Wikipedia:Manual of Style/titles hatnote include|where=MOS:CAPS#CT}}~~

For [[title case]], the words that are not capitalized (unless they are the first or last word of the title) are:

For [[Wikipedia:Title case|title case]], the words that are not capitalized (unless they are the first or last word of the title) are:

* [[Article (grammar)|Articles]] (''a'', ''an'', ''the'')

* [[Wikipedia:Article (grammar)|Articles]] (''a'', ''an'', ''the'')

* Short [[grammatical conjunction#Coordinating conjunctions|coordinating conjunctions]] (''and'', ''but'', ''or'', ~~{{nobr|~~''nor''~~{{hsp}}~~;}} also ''for'', ''yet'', ''so'' when used as conjunctions)

* Short [[Wikipedia:grammatical conjunction#Coordinating conjunctions|coordinating conjunctions]] (''and'', ''but'', ''or'', ''nor''; also ''for'', ''yet'', ''so'' when used as conjunctions)

* [[Preposition and postposition|Prepositions]] containing four letters or fewer (''as'', ''in'', ''of'', ''on'', ''to'', ''for'', ''from'', ''like'', ''over'', ''with'', etc.) but see below for instances where these words are not used as prepositions

* [[Wikipedia:Preposition and postposition|Prepositions]] containing four letters or fewer (''as'', ''in'', ''of'', ''on'', ''to'', ''for'', ''from'', ''like'', ''over'', ''with'', etc.) but see below for instances where these words are not used as prepositions

* The word ''to'' in [[~~infinitive~~]]s.

* The word ''to'' in [[Wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitives]].

The following words ''should'' be capitalized in English-language titles:

* The first and last word of the title

* Every [[adjective]], [[adverb]], [[noun]], [[pronoun]] and [[Conjunction (grammar)#Subordinating conjunctions|subordinating conjunction]] (''Me'', ''It'', ''His'', ''If'', etc.)

* Every [[Wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]], [[Wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]], [[Wikipedia:Noun|noun]], [[Wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]] and [[Wikipedia:Conjunction (grammar)#Subordinating conjunctions|subordinating conjunction]] (''Me'', ''It'', ''His'', ''If'', etc.)

* Every [[verb]], including forms of ''to be'' (''Be'', ''Am'', ''Is'', ''Are'', ''Was'', ''Were'', ''Been'')

* Every [[Wikipedia:Verb|verb]], including forms of ''to be'' (''Be'', ''Am'', ''Is'', ''Are'', ''Was'', ''Were'', ''Been'')

* Prepositions that contain five letters or more (''During'', ''Through'', ''About'', ''Until'', ''Below'', etc.)

* Words that have the same form as prepositions, but are not being used specifically as prepositions

** Particles of [[phrasal ~~verb~~]]s (e.g. "Give Up the Ghost", "Puttin' On the Ritz")

** Particles of [[Wikipedia:Phrasal verb|phrasal verbs]] (e.g. "Give Up the Ghost", "Puttin' On the Ritz")

** The first word in a [[compound preposition]] (e.g. "Time Out of Mind")

** The first word in a [[Wikipedia:Compound preposition|compound preposition]] (e.g. "Time Out of Mind")

In hyphenated terms, capitalize each part according to the applicable rule (e.g. {{xt|''The Out-of-Towners''}}), unless reliable sources consistently do otherwise for the work in question (e.g. {{xt|''The History of Middle-earth''}}).

For titles with subtitles or parenthetical phrases, capitalize as if they were separate titles (e.g. {{xt|"(Don't Fear) The Reaper"}}).

If a work is known by its first line of text and lacks a separate title, then the first line, rendered in [[sentence case]], should be used as its title.

If a work is known by its first line of text and lacks a separate title, then the first line, rendered in [[Wikipedia:Sentence case|sentence case]], should be used as its title.

* An example of this would be ''[[Remember not, Lord, our offences]]'', a musical setting of excerpted passage from a liturgical text:

* An example of this would be ''[[Wikipedia:Remember not, Lord, our offences|Remember not, Lord, our offences]]'', a musical setting of excerpted passage from a liturgical text:

:{|style="background:transparent"

|-valign=top

Line 248:

Line 231:

|''Correct'': ||  ||{{xt|Remember not, Lord, our offences}}

|}

{{shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNTITLE}}{{strong|Capitalization in foreign-language titles varies}}, even over time within the same language. Retain the style of the original for modern works, and follow the dominant usage in English-language reliable sources for historical works.

~~: {{em|Correct}}: {{xt|''{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}''}} (French; the English title is ''Dangerous Liaisons'')~~

: {{em|Correct}}: {{xt|''{{lang|es|El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha}}''}} (Spanish; the English title is ''The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha'', or ''Don Quixote'' for short)

~~: {{em|Correct}}: {{xt|"{{lang|de|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} (German; there is no English title, though it translates as "Hymn to the Holy Ghost")~~

Non-English titles should be wrapped in the {{tlx|lang}} template (inside surrounding italics or quotation marks), with the proper language code, e.g.: <code><nowiki>"{{lang|de|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"</nowiki></code>.

==Notes==

~~[[Category:UniWiki Manual of Style]]~~

@@ Line 190: / Line 190: @@
 * Reduce track titles on albums where all or most tracks are listed in all capitals. ''For which words should be capitalized, see [[#Composition titles|Composition titles]], below.''
 * Reduce proclamations, such as those for the [[Wikipedia:Medal of Honor|Medal of Honor]], from all capitals.
-* Reduce text written in all capitals in trademarks – ''see [[UniWiki:Manual of Style/Trademarks]]''.
+* Reduce text written in all capitals in trademarks.
 * Reduce Latin quotations and terms from all capitals.<ref>The alphabet in which Latin was originally written had no lower case.</ref> ''See also [[UniWiki:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Foreign terms|UniWiki:Manual of Style/Text formatting §&thinsp;Foreign terms]].''
 * Do not write with all capitals for emphasis; italics are preferred ''(see [[#Do not use for emphasis|Do not use for emphasis]] above)''.
@@ Line 198: / Line 198: @@
 * Certain citation styles (e.g. that of the Linguistic Society of America or Bluebook) require that certain parts of the citation, such as author names in alphabetical reference sections be written in small caps. If an editor has chosen this style, it should be respected per [[Wikipedia:WP:CITEVAR|Wikipedia:Citing sources]].
-== {{Anchor|LCITEMS}}Items that require initial lower case ==
+== Items that require initial lower case ==
-{{Shortcut|MOS:LCITEMS}}
-In contexts where the case of symbols is significant, like those related to [[programming language]]s, [[mathematical notation]] (for example, the mathematical constant [[e (mathematical constant)|''e'']] is not equivalent to ''E''), or the names of [[SI units|units of physical quantities]] or their symbols, the correct case should always be retained, even in situations where normal rules would require capitalization, such as at the beginning of a sentence. Try to avoid putting such lowercase symbols at the start of a sentence within running text. (See also [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics]].)
+In contexts where the case of symbols is significant, like those related to [[Wikipedia:Programming language|programming languages]], [[Wikipedia:Mathematical notation|mathematical notation]] (for example, the mathematical constant [[Wikipedia:e (mathematical constant)|''e'']] is not equivalent to ''E''), or the names of [[Wikipedia:SI units|units of physical quantities]] or their symbols, the correct case should always be retained, even in situations where normal rules would require capitalization, such as at the beginning of a sentence. Try to avoid putting such lowercase symbols at the start of a sentence within running text.
-Some individuals do not want their personal names capitalized. In such cases, Wikipedia articles may use lower case variants of personal names if they have regular and established use in reliable third-party sources (for example, [[k.d. lang]]). When such a name is the first word in a sentence, the rule for [[#Initial letters in sentences and list items|initial letters in sentences and list items]] should take precedence, and the first letter of the personal name should be capitalized regardless of personal preference.
+Some individuals do not want their personal names capitalized. In such cases, Wikipedia articles may use lower case variants of personal names if they have regular and established use (for example, [[Wikipedia:k.d. lang|k.d. lang]]). When such a name is the first word in a sentence, the rule for [[#Initial letters in sentences and list items|initial letters in sentences and list items]] should take precedence, and the first letter of the personal name should be capitalized regardless of personal preference.
-For proprietary names such as [[eBay]], see [[#Trademarks|Trademarks]] above.
-If an article title begins with such a letter that needs to be in lower case (as in the above examples), use the {{tl|lowercase}} template or equivalent code. Note that it is not currently possible to make [[Wikipedia:Category|categories]] display with an initial lowercase letter in an article's category box. Hence the link to [[:Category:eBay]] at the foot of the article [[eBay]] must display as "EBay". Similarly the article title [[eBay]] will be displayed as "EBay" in the category listing.
-==''Anglo-'' and similar prefixes==
-Most words with prefixes such as ''Anglo-, Franco-,'' etc., are capitalized. For example, ''Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-French'' and ''Anglo-Norman'' are all capitalized. However, there is some variation concerning a small number of words of French origin. In French, these words are not capitalized, and this sometimes carries over to English. There are variations by country, and since editors often refer to only one dictionary, they may unwittingly contravene [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Varieties of English|WP:Manual of Style §&thinsp;Varieties of English]] by changing usage to that of their own country. In general terms, Americans are most favourable to capitalization and Canadians least favourable, with other countries falling somewhere in between. The main exceptions to the capitalization rule are the following.<ref>Sources have been consulted for the U.S., Canada, the UK, Australia and New Zealand, but not for Ireland or South Africa. Sources: U.S.: ''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary'', 10th ed., ''The New Oxford American Dictionary''. Canada: ''The Canadian Oxford Dictionary'', ''Gage Canadian Dictionary''. UK: ''The Oxford Dictionary of English'' (2nd edition revised), ''The Concise Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary'' (English–French). Australia: ''The Australian Oxford Dictionary''. New Zealand: ''The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary''.</ref>
-* ''anglicism, gallicism'', etc. These words are often, but not always, capitalized. ''Anglicism'' is less likely to be capitalized in Canada.
-* ''anglicize, gallicize,'' etc. ''Anglicize'' is often capitalized in the U.S., and sometimes in other countries. ''Gallicize'' is often capitalized in the U.S., and usually capitalized in other countries.
-* ''anglophile, francophile,'' etc. Words in this category are usually capitalized both as nouns and adjectives, except in Canada, where they sometimes are.
-* ''anglophobe, francophobe,'' etc. Words in this category are capitalized in all countries except Canada, where they sometimes are. The same applies to ''anglophobic''.
-* ''anglophone, francophone,'' etc. These words are often capitalized in the U.S. as adjectives, and usually as nouns. They are usually not capitalized in other countries, whether as nouns or adjectives.
 ==Composition titles==
-{{Merge to |section=y |Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles#Capital letters |reason=We badly need to consolidate the scattered titles-related advice, and have a whole page for it. Only a Template:Main and a summary need be left here. |date=August 2016 |discuss=Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style#Merger discussion}}
-{{Shortcut|MOS:CT}}
-{{Wikipedia:Manual of Style/titles hatnote include|where=MOS:CAPS#CT}}
-For [[title case]], the words that are not capitalized (unless they are the first or last word of the title) are:
+For [[Wikipedia:Title case|title case]], the words that are not capitalized (unless they are the first or last word of the title) are:
-* [[Article (grammar)|Articles]] (''a'', ''an'', ''the'')
+* [[Wikipedia:Article (grammar)|Articles]] (''a'', ''an'', ''the'')
-* Short [[grammatical conjunction#Coordinating conjunctions|coordinating conjunctions]] (''and'', ''but'', ''or'', {{nobr|''nor''{{hsp}};}} also ''for'', ''yet'', ''so'' when used as conjunctions)
+* Short [[Wikipedia:grammatical conjunction#Coordinating conjunctions|coordinating conjunctions]] (''and'', ''but'', ''or'', ''nor''; also ''for'', ''yet'', ''so'' when used as conjunctions)
-* [[Preposition and postposition|Prepositions]] containing four letters or fewer (''as'', ''in'', ''of'', ''on'', ''to'', ''for'', ''from'', ''like'', ''over'', ''with'', etc.) but see below for instances where these words are not used as prepositions
+* [[Wikipedia:Preposition and postposition|Prepositions]] containing four letters or fewer (''as'', ''in'', ''of'', ''on'', ''to'', ''for'', ''from'', ''like'', ''over'', ''with'', etc.) but see below for instances where these words are not used as prepositions
-* The word ''to'' in [[infinitive]]s.
+* The word ''to'' in [[Wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitives]].
 The following words ''should'' be capitalized in English-language titles:
 * The first and last word of the title
-* Every [[adjective]], [[adverb]], [[noun]], [[pronoun]] and [[Conjunction (grammar)#Subordinating conjunctions|subordinating conjunction]] (''Me'', ''It'', ''His'', ''If'', etc.)
+* Every [[Wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]], [[Wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]], [[Wikipedia:Noun|noun]], [[Wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]] and [[Wikipedia:Conjunction (grammar)#Subordinating conjunctions|subordinating conjunction]] (''Me'', ''It'', ''His'', ''If'', etc.)
-* Every [[verb]], including forms of ''to be'' (''Be'', ''Am'', ''Is'', ''Are'', ''Was'', ''Were'', ''Been'')
+* Every [[Wikipedia:Verb|verb]], including forms of ''to be'' (''Be'', ''Am'', ''Is'', ''Are'', ''Was'', ''Were'', ''Been'')
 * Prepositions that contain five letters or more (''During'', ''Through'', ''About'', ''Until'', ''Below'', etc.)
 * Words that have the same form as prepositions, but are not being used specifically as prepositions
-** Particles of [[phrasal verb]]s (e.g. "Give Up the Ghost", "Puttin' On the Ritz")
+** Particles of [[Wikipedia:Phrasal verb|phrasal verbs]] (e.g. "Give Up the Ghost", "Puttin' On the Ritz")
-** The first word in a [[compound preposition]] (e.g. "Time Out of Mind")
+** The first word in a [[Wikipedia:Compound preposition|compound preposition]] (e.g. "Time Out of Mind")
 In hyphenated terms, capitalize each part according to the applicable rule (e.g. {{xt|''The Out-of-Towners''}}), unless reliable sources consistently do otherwise for the work in question (e.g. {{xt|''The History of Middle-earth''}}).
 For titles with subtitles or parenthetical phrases, capitalize as if they were separate titles (e.g. {{xt|"(Don't Fear) The Reaper"}}).
-If a work is known by its first line of text and lacks a separate title, then the first line, rendered in [[sentence case]], should be used as its title.
+If a work is known by its first line of text and lacks a separate title, then the first line, rendered in [[Wikipedia:Sentence case|sentence case]], should be used as its title.
-* An example of this would be ''[[Remember not, Lord, our offences]]'', a musical setting of excerpted passage from a liturgical text:
+* An example of this would be ''[[Wikipedia:Remember not, Lord, our offences|Remember not, Lord, our offences]]'', a musical setting of excerpted passage from a liturgical text:
 :{|style="background:transparent"
 |-valign=top
@@ Line 248: / Line 231: @@
 |''Correct'': ||&nbsp; ||{{xt|Remember not, Lord, our offences}}
 |}
-{{shortcut|MOS:FOREIGNTITLE}}{{strong|Capitalization in foreign-language titles varies}}, even over time within the same language. Retain the style of the original for modern works, and follow the dominant usage in English-language reliable sources for historical works.
-: {{em|Correct}}: {{xt|''{{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}''}} (French; the English title is ''Dangerous Liaisons'')
-: {{em|Correct}}: {{xt|''{{lang|es|El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha}}''}} (Spanish; the English title is ''The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha'', or ''Don Quixote'' for short)
-: {{em|Correct}}: {{xt|"{{lang|de|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"}} (German; there is no English title, though it translates as "Hymn to the Holy Ghost")
-Non-English titles should be wrapped in the {{tlx|lang}} template (inside surrounding italics or quotation marks), with the proper language code, e.g.: <code><nowiki>"{{lang|de|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}"</nowiki></code>.
 ==Notes==
 {{Reflist}}
-[[Category:UniWiki Manual of Style]]