UniWiki:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages

This page is a part of the UniWiki's Manual of Style. It is a general guideline intended to harmonize article style across the UniWiki, though it is best treated with common sense, and exceptions may apply. Any substantive edit to this page should be approved by the Wiki Manager. When in doubt, discuss first on the talk page.

Disambiguation pages ("dab pages") are designed to help a reader find UniWiki articles on different topics that could be referenced by the same search term, as described in the Disambiguation guideline. Disambiguation pages are not articles; they are aids in searching.

This style guideline is intended to make the search more efficient, by giving disambiguation pages a consistent look and by avoiding distracting information. In brief, the pages should contain only disambiguation content, whether or not the page title contains the parenthetical (disambiguation). (This guideline does not apply to articles that are primary topics, even if the articles are prefaced by a "See also" hatnote or the like at the top of the page.)

Page naming

In general, the title of a disambiguation page is the ambiguous term itself, provided there is no primary topic for that term. If there is already a primary topic, then "(disambiguation)" is added to the title of the disambiguation page, as in Jupiter (disambiguation). For more on how to title a disambiguation page, see Wikipedia:Naming the disambiguation page.

At the top of the page

The first line of a disambiguation page should be the introductory line (see below). If there is a link to the primary topic (see below), that line should appear before the introductory line. Both of these should begin its own line.

Linking to a primary topic

When a page has "(disambiguation)" in its title – i.e., it is the disambiguation page for a term for which a primary topic has been identified – users are most likely to arrive there by clicking on a top link from the primary topic article.

The primary topic is the one reached by using the disambiguation page title without the (disambiguation) qualifier. Capitalization differences matter, so there will only be one primary topic for a title.

Since it is unlikely that this primary topic is what readers are looking for if they have reached the disambiguation page, it should not be mixed in with the other links. It is recommended that the link back to the primary topic appear at the top, in a brief explanatory sentence. For instance:

A school is an institution for learning. School may also refer to: School of thought, a number of individuals with shared styles, approaches or aims School (fish), a group of fish swimming in the same direction in a coordinated manner . . .

When the ambiguous term has a primary topic but that article has a different title (so that the term is the title of a redirect), the primary topic line normally uses the redirect to link to that article:

A cosmonaut or astronaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft.

Similarly for an acronym, initialism or alphabetism:

CIA is the Central Intelligence Agency, a civilian agency of the United States government.

In some cases it may be clearer to link directly to the redirect target:

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) was a famous composer during the Classical period.

instead of the more awkward

Mozart was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791), a famous composer during the Classical period.

Introductory line

See also: Wikipedia:Template messages#In introductory lines

The term being disambiguated should be in bold (not italics). It should begin a sentence fragment ending with a colon, introducing a bulleted list:

Interval may refer to: John Smith may refer to: or John Smith is the name of: ABC may refer to: or ABC may stand for:

Where several variants of a term are being disambiguated together, significant variants may be included in the lead sentence. For example:

Bang or bangs may refer to: or Bang(s) may refer to:

Arc or ARC may refer to:

Angus McKay, MacKay or Mackay may refer to:

However, it is not necessary to mention minor variations of capitalization, punctuation or diacritics. For example, AU may refer to: is preferable to "AU, au, Au or A-U may refer to"; and Saiyuki may refer to: is preferable to "Saiyuki, Saiyūki or Saiyûki may refer to".

Individual entries

After the introductory line comes a list of individual entries – lines which direct the readers to Wikipedia articles on the various topics which might be referenced by the term being disambiguated. Keep in mind that the primary purpose of the disambiguation page is to help people find the specific article they want quickly and easily.

Example:

Interval may refer to: Interval (mathematics), a certain subset of an ordered set Interval (music), the relationship between two notes ...

Apply the following rules when constructing entries:

• Preface each entry with a Template:Em (an asterisk in wiki markup).
• Start each entry with a Template:Em.
• Insert a Template:Em after an entry when a description is included.
• Use Template:Em, with no closing punctuation unless it is part of the description (e.g., a description that ends in "etc." would end with the period)
• Include exactly one navigable (blue) link to efficiently guide readers to the most relevant article for that use of the ambiguous term. Do not wikilink any other words in the line. For example:

"Dark Star" (song), by the Grateful Dead but Template:Em: "Dark Star" (song), a song by the psychedelic rock band The Grateful Dead and avoid redundancies like: "Dark Star" (song), a song by the Grateful Dead

• Do not emphasize the link with bolding or italics, although titles (such as for books and movies) may need to be italicized to conform with the style guidance on titles. If the article's title contains both a title and a clarifier, quote or italicize only the part requiring such treatment, as opposed to the entire link, e.g.: Dark Star (film) (see § Piping and redirects). This can be accomplished by piping the link.
• Keep the description associated with a link to a minimum, just sufficient to allow the reader to find the correct link. In many cases, the title of the article alone will be sufficient and no additional description is necessary.

In most cases the title of the target article will be an expansion or variation of the term being disambiguated (as in the example above). If this is the case:

• The link should come at the start of the entry.
• The article title should appear exactly as it is on the target page; the link should not be piped except to apply formatting (see § Where piping may be appropriate).

In some cases, however, the target article title is Template:Em an expansion or variation of the term being disambiguated. For these cases see § Red links and § Items appearing within other articles below.

Note also the following points when constructing lists of entries:

• An entry with no links at all is useless for further navigation. (See § Red links for cases in which no article yet exists.)
• A disambiguation page should not be made up completely of red links or have only one blue link on the entire page, because the basic purpose of disambiguation is to refer users to other Wikipedia pages.
• Never include external links, either as entries or in descriptions. Disambiguation pages disambiguate Wikipedia articles, not the World-Wide Web. To note URLs that might be helpful in the future, include them on the talk page.
• References should not appear on disambiguation pages. Dab pages are not articles; instead, incorporate the references into the target articles.

Examples of individual entries that should not be created

See also: Wikipedia:Disambiguation#What not to include

Do not include entries for topics that are not ambiguous (according to the linked article) with the title. Use list articles for lists of related topics if needed.

On a page called Title, do not create entries merely because Title is part of the name (see Wikipedia:Disambiguation § Partial title matches).

Common examples:

• Title City
• Title Hospital
• Title University

The above does not apply if the subject is commonly referred to simply by Title. For instance, Oxford (disambiguation) should link to University of Oxford and Catalina might include Santa Catalina Island, California. If there is disagreement about whether this exception applies, it is often best to assume that it does.

You may want to create entries on the same page for:

• TITLE and Title
• Title town and Title township
  • An example is Willow Valley, which lists a town of that name as well as "Willow Valley Township" in another state.

Misspellings

Common misspellings should be listed only if there is a genuine risk of confusion or misspelling. These cross-links should be placed in a separate section entitled "Common misspellings" or "See also". For example, in a page called Kington (disambiguation), a link to Kingston (disambiguation) would appropriately be included in the "See also" section.

Piping and redirects

Template:Shortcut Piping and redirects are two different mechanisms which allow the displayed text of a link to differ from the title of the page that the link points to.

• Piping means concealing the title of a linked article by replacing it with other text. For example, instead of showing the full title Moment (physics), it may be presented as [[Moment (physics)|moment]], resulting in the link moment.
• A redirect is a page used to "jump" readers from one page title to an article with a different title. For example, a redirect at the title 9/11 sends users who navigate there to the article September 11 attacks.

Piping and redirects should not generally be used on disambiguation pages, except as described below.

Subject to certain exceptions as listed below, piping or redirects should not be used in disambiguation pages. This is to make it clear to the reader which topic is the subject of an article title. For example, on the disambiguation page Moment, in the entry Moment (physics), " (physics)" should be visible so that the reader sees which "moment" topic the entry is about, among others sharing the same base title. In many cases, what would be hidden by a pipe is exactly what the user would need in order to find their intended article. However, raw section and anchor points should not be displayed; see § Section and anchor point linking for those cases.

Though piping and redirects should generally not be used in disambiguation pages, there are certain cases in which they may be useful to the reader:

Where redirecting may be appropriate

• A redirect should be used to link to a specific section of an article if the title of that section is more or less synonymous with the disambiguated topic. This indicates a higher possibility that the topic may eventually have its own article. For example:

Delta may refer to: (correct) Delta Quadrant, in the Star Trek universe Markup: [[Delta Quadrant]], in the ''Star Trek'' universe (incorrect) Delta Quadrant, in the Star Trek universe Markup: [[Galactic quadrant (Star Trek)#Delta Quadrant|Delta Quadrant]], in the ''Star Trek'' universe (incorrect) Delta Quadrant, in the Galactic quadrant of the Star Trek universe Markup: Delta Quadrant, in the [[Galactic quadrant (Star Trek)#Delta Quadrant|Galactic quadrant of the ''Star Trek'']] universe

The above technique is used when the link is the subject of the line. For description sections, redirects or piped links may be used; follow the normal Wikipedia:Redirect and Wikipedia:Piped link guidelines.

• Linking to a redirect can also be helpful when both:

1. the redirect target article contains the disambiguated term; Template:Em
2. the redirect could serve as an alternative name for the target article, meaning an alternative term that is already in the article's lead section.

For example:

James Cary may refer to: (correct) James Carrey or Jim Carrey (born 1962), Canadian actor Markup: [[James Carrey]] or Jim Carrey (born 1962), Canadian actor (incorrect) James Carrey or Jim Carrey (born 1962), Canadian actor Markup: James Carrey or [[Jim Carrey]] (born 1962), Canadian actor

The above example of a redirect is only appropriate because James Carrey is indicated as a name in the lead section of the Jim Carrey article. If it were not, then the second example could have been used instead.

• However, when the disambiguated term is an acronym or initialism (alphabetism), links should Template:Em use redirects to conceal the expanded version of that initialism. For example, on the disambiguation page BNL, linking to the full article title Banca Nazionale del Lavoro is preferable to linking to a redirect at BNL (bank).

• Redirecting may be appropriate where the primary topic is a redirect; see § Linking to a primary topic.
• Redirecting may be appropriate when linking to another disambiguation page.

Where piping may be appropriate

• Use piping to add italics or quotation marks to part of an article name; for instance, Harvey (film), USS Adder (SS-3), "Route 66" (song), Saturnalia (dinosaur), "Hush" (Buffy episode), Neo (The Matrix). The templates {{fti}} and {{ftq}} may be used to create properly formatted links. These should be substituted, since templates are discouraged on disambiguation pages (see § Images and templates below).
  • Wikipedia:WikiProject Disambiguation/Title templates for song, album and film title links
  • Wikipedia:WikiProject Ships/Tools for ship and ship classes links
• Similarly, use piping if the entry's article title differs from how it should actually be rendered, due to technical limitations in Wikipedia; for instance, The Singles 86>98 or Softimage|XSI.
• When the link is part of the description, rather than the actual entry name, piping can be used more freely. However, the text of the link should still be very similar to the title of the target article, to avoid confusing the reader. For example:

Switch may refer to: "Switch", a song by Siouxsie & the Banshees from The Scream Markup: "Switch", a song by Siouxsie & the Banshees from ''[[The Scream (album)|The Scream]]''

• Piping may be used when the link is in the description (see § Items appearing within other articles) for linking to a section or anchor point rather than an entire article. For example, on E (disambiguation), the piped ESRB ([[ESRB#Ratings|ESRB]]) is preferable to simply linking to the entire article ESRB. Piping is commonly used to link to the track listing section of an album article. The text of the link should not be the title of a different article, and should not surprise the reader. For example:

Ten may refer to: (correct) Ten or Tenshinhan, a character in Dragon Ball media Markup: Ten or Tenshinhan, a [[List of Dragon Ball characters#Tenshinhan|character in Dragon Ball media]] (incorrect) Ten or Tenshinhan, a character in Dragon Ball media Markup: Ten or Tenshinhan, a character in [[List of Dragon Ball characters#Tenshinhan|Dragon Ball]] media

Section and anchor point linking

Section and anchor points in links should not be visible to the reader (e.g., [[Galactic quadrant (Star Trek)#Delta Quadrant]]). If an anchor-point link is needed:

• For linking the subject, link to a redirect to the anchor point (or leave the subject unlinked and move the link to the description).
• For links in the description, link to a redirect or use an anchor-point link with piping to display text similar to the article title.

When creating a redirect to a section, add the template Template:Tlx on the redirect page, and place the Template:Tlx template at the targeted section.

Specific entry types

External links

Template:Shortcut External links do not belong on disambiguation pages; they should not be used.

Foreign languages

Template:Shortcut For foreign-language terms, be sure an article exists or could be written for the word or phrase in question. Usually this means that the term has been at least partially adopted into English or is used by specialists.

Tambo may refer to: Tambo (weapon), a very short staff used in martial arts

Avoid adding foreign words or phrases that are merely translations of an English term. For example, do Template:Em include:

• Tambo, a Japanese word (田んぼ) for rice paddy

Instead, consider linking to Wiktionary.

People

Template:Shortcut For people, include their birth and death years (when known), and only enough descriptive information that the reader can distinguish between different people with the same name. Keep in mind the conventions for birth and death dates—see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Dates of birth and death. Do not include a, an or the before the description of the person's occupation or role.

John Adams (1735–1826) was the second President of the United States (1797–1801). John Adams may also refer to: John Adams (composer) (born 1947), American composer, came to prominence with Shaker Loops in 1978 John Adams (physicist) (1920–1984), Director General of CERN and particle accelerator designer John Worthington Adams (1764–1837), British general in India

Places

Template:Shortcut For places, it may only be necessary to write the name of the article.

Jacksonville is the largest city in the U.S. state of Florida. Jacksonville may also refer to: Jacksonville, Alabama Jacksonville, Arkansas

It may be appropriate to add the country after the link. Leave the country unlinked.

Kimberley may refer to: Kimberley, British Columbia, Canada Kimberley, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom

Red links

Template:Shortcut A link to a non-existent article (a "red link") should only be included on a disambiguation page when a linked article (not just other disambiguation pages) also includes that red link. Do not create red links to articles that are unlikely ever to be written, or are likely to be removed as insufficiently notable topics. To find out if any article uses the red link, click on it, and then click "What links here" on the toolbox on the left side of the page.

If the only pages that use the red link are disambiguation pages, do one of the following:

• Unlink the entry word but still keep a blue link in the description. Red links should not be the Template:Em link in a given entry; link also to an existing article, so that a reader (as opposed to a contributing editor) will have somewhere to navigate to for additional information. The linked article should contain some meaningful information about the term.
• Start a new article for the red link, using the description on the disambiguation page.
• Make a redirect to a page where the item is described (see § Piping and redirects above).

In the following (made-up) examples, if the entry with the architectural motif is judged to be appropriate for a future article, and assuming that the fictitious "flibbygibby" is mentioned in its respectively linked article, it is considered a valid entry. If "flibbygibby" is not mentioned in the noodle article, or there is no linked article at all, as in the toy example, it is not a valid entry; therefore, only the entry for the architectural motif can include a red link.

Flibbygibby may refer to: Flibbygibby (architecture), a flamingo motif used on cornices Template:Tick Flibbygibby, a type of noodle Template:Cross Flibbygibby, a type of toy Template:Cross

Synonyms

Template:Shortcut If the link is to a synonym, simply use it as it is named:

Serving spoon may also refer to: Tablespoon

Items appearing within other articles

Template:Shortcut If a topic does not have an article of its own, but is mentioned within another article, then a link to that article should be included. In this case, the link does not start the line, but it should still be the only blue wikilink. For example:

Maggie Anderson may also refer to: Maggie Anderson, actress in the 2007 film Corpus Callosum Maggie Anderson, a character in the musical play Brigadoon

It is often useful to link to the relevant Template:Em of the target page using anchors and conceal that by making it a piped link. For examples, see "Where piping may be appropriate" under § Exceptions, above.

If the topic is not mentioned on the other article, that article should not be linked to in the disambiguation page, since linking to it would not help readers find information about the sought topic.

Acronyms, initialisms, and abbreviations

Many pages serve primarily to disambiguate short letter combinations that can represent various acronyms and initialisms. When considering articles to include in the list, it is important that each individual entry is referred to its respective abbreviation within its article. For example:

BSA may refer to: (correct) Boy Scouts of America (incorrect) The British Soap Awards

The second entry is incorrect because the article that it refers to, the British Soap Awards, does not mention that it is abbreviated "BSA", and therefore is unlikely to be searched for by that letter combination. The Boy Scouts of America page, however, notes that the organization is abbreviated "BSA", and would thus be a likely candidate for someone searching that initialism. See also WP:DABABBREV.

Organization

Ordering

Template:Shortcut The following guidelines describe the appropriate order of entries on disambiguation pages:

1. The primary topic, if there is one, should be placed at the top. In cases where a small number of main topics are significantly more likely to be the reader's target, several of the most common meanings may be placed at the top, with other meanings below. See Mojave or Mercury for examples of this.
2. Long disambiguation pages should be grouped into subject sections, and even subsections as necessary, as described below. These sections (and any subsections) should typically be in alphabetical order, e.g.: Arts and entertainment; Business; Government and politics; Places; Science and technology.
3. Template:Em each section, entries should be ordered to best assist the reader in finding their intended article. Entries are typically ordered first by similarity to the ambiguous title, then alphabetically or chronologically as appropriate. A recommended order is:
   1. Articles with a clarifier in parentheses: e.g., Moss (band)
   2. Articles with a clarifier following a comma: e.g., Moss, Monterey County, California
   3. Articles with the item as part of the name: e.g., Moss Bros (Only include articles whose subject might Template:Em be called by the ambiguous title.)
   4. Synonyms: e.g., Tincture on Spirit (disambiguation)Template:Shortcut

4. Some entries may belong in a "See also" section at the bottom of the page:
   1. Terms which can be confused with Template:Var, for example New Market and Newmarket
   2. Likely misspellings of Template:Var, for example Belmont, Belmonte and Bellmont
   3. Different forms of Template:Var, for example Splitting, Split, and Splitter
   4. Links to indexes of article titles beginning with Template:Var (using Template:Tlx) or article titles containing Template:Var (using Template:Tlx)
   5. Broader-subject articles that treat the topic in a section: e.g., Brewing as part of a Hops dab page
   6. Articles with the item as part of the name, but that are unlikely to be called by the ambiguous title: e.g., Spanish moss as part of a Moss dab page.

The "See also" should always be separated from the other entries with a section header. Links to other disambiguation pages should use the "(disambiguation)" link per WP:INTDABLINK.

In the "See also" section of a disambiguation page, an intentional link to another disambiguation page that does not contain "(disambiguation)" in the title should be written as [[Foo (disambiguation)]]. When appropriate, place easily confused terms in a hatnote.

Example ordering

Moss is a small, soft, non-vascular plant that lacks both flowers and seeds. Moss may also refer to: Moss (band), a UK extreme doom metal band Moss (given name) Moss, Monterey County, California Moss FK, a Norwegian football club See also Spanish moss, a flowering bromeliad plant that grows hanging from tree branches Bog MOSS (disambiguation)

Grouping by subject area

Template:Shortcut A large number of topics can make it difficult for a reader to find a particular topic. On longer disambiguation pages, separate entries by subject sections. Subject areas should be chosen carefully Template:Em; see Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area for detailed guidance. Use subject areas that are well-defined, and that group the entries into similarly sized sections. Very small sections may impede navigation, and should usually be avoided. Section headings should be as simple as possible; Sports is preferred to Sports people or Sports figures, since the nature of the category (people, in this case) should be obvious.

Entries which do not fit neatly into any section should be placed in an "Other uses" section or subsection, at the bottom of the page or section (but above any "See also" section). The "Other uses" section should be relatively short; if it becomes excessively long, the page may need to be reorganized. Uncategorized entries should Template:Em be left at the top of the page, with the exception of one or two primary topics as stated above.

Keep in mind that a particular division scheme may not work equally well on all disambiguation pages. An example:

Thingamajig may refer to: Thingamajig (biology), an invasive plant used as ground cover Thingamajig (chemistry), an isotope of chlorine Thingamajig (physics), a kind of pulsar Thingamajig (Peru), a wind instrument similar to an aulos Thingamajig (Qatar), a seven-stringed musical instrument Thingamajig (UK), a wind instrument, similar to, but longer than the Peruvian one

Use sections rather than bold text (see WP:PSEUDOHEAD). Using more than one level may be necessary, as on Aurora (disambiguation). Always use ==Level two== as the highest-level header. Section headings should not include links. See Wikipedia:Writing better articles § Headings for more.

On longer lists, Template:Tlx may be used to move the table of contents to the right hand side of the page. This reduces the amount of white space and may improve the readability of the page. (For more information, see Help:Section § Floating the TOC.) If used, Template:Tlx should be placed after the lead section of the wiki markup and immediately before the first section heading. Users of screen readers do not expect any text between the TOC and the first heading, and having no text above the TOC is confusing. (For more information, see Wikipedia:Accessibility § Article structure.)

Images and templates

Template:Shortcut Including images and transcluding templates are discouraged unless they aid in selecting between articles on the particular search term in question. Examples of this are the images at Congo (disambiguation) and Mississippi Delta (disambiguation).

Icons, including flag icons, should not be used on disambiguation pages. Only if flag topics are being disambiguated and images are needed to do so, then flag icons or flag images might be added. See also: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons.

The disambig notice and categorization

See also: Wikipedia:Disambiguation#Categories

After all of the disambiguation content (including the See also section, if present), but before any categories (see below) or interlanguage links, a template should be placed identifying the page as a disambiguation page. This generates a message to the reader explaining the purpose of the page, and also places the page in the appropriate category or categories.

The usual template to use is Template:Tlx, which produces a general disambiguation notice, and places the page in Category:Disambiguation pages. Parameters can be added to place the page Template:Em into other more specific disambiguation categories. For example, if a page includes multiple places and multiple people with the same surname (and possibly other items), use Template:Tlx. A full list of available parameters and their corresponding categories can be found in the Template:Tlx template documentation.

If a disambiguation page consists Template:Em of items in one of the more specific classes, then a specific template should be used instead of Template:Tlx. For example, use Template:Tlx for locations, Template:Tlx for human names and so on. A full list can be found in the Template:Tlx template documentation.

If a disambiguation page needs cleaning up to bring it into conformance with this style manual, use Template:Tlx. This replaces Template:Em Template:Tlx and Template:Tlx.

Do not use {{subst:disambig}} or {{subst:disambig-cleanup}}, as the contents of this notice may change in the future (see Wikipedia:Transclusion costs and benefits). Also, the Wikipedia software relies on links to the templates to determine which pages are disambiguation pages , and subst'ing breaks this feature.

Most disambiguation pages do not need to be placed into any categories other than those generated by the template. If such cases do arise (for example, specific categories of personal names that do not have corresponding template parameters), then the additional categories should be placed after the template.

If new topical categories of disambiguation pages seem to be needed, please bring this up for discussion at Wikipedia talk:Disambiguation.

Exceptions

Set index articles

Template:Shortcut Set index articles are list articles about a set of items Template:Em that have similar or identical names. Set index articles are not disambiguation pages and do not have to follow the style outlined on this page. Note that the set index article exception was designed to be narrow: for pages that contain links to articles about different topics, please follow this style guide for disambiguation pages. An example of a set index article is a list of ships with the same name, such as HMS Albatross. For more information about such ship lists, see Wikipedia:WikiProject Ships/Guidelines § Index pages.

Disambiguation pages with only two entries

Template:Further information A disambiguation page with only two meanings is not necessary if one of them is the primary topic for that term. The recommended practice in these situations is to place a hatnote on the primary topic article to link directly to the secondary topic. The Template:Tlx and Template:Tlx templates are useful. A two-entry disambiguation page with a primary topic can be tagged with Template:Tlx.

If neither of the two meanings is primary, then a normal disambiguation page is still used at the base name.

When to break Wikipedia rules

See also: Wikipedia:Ignore all rules

Application of these guidelines will generally produce useful disambiguation pages which are consistent with each other and therefore easily usable by most readers. Usefulness to the reader is their principal goal. However, for every style recommendation above, there may be pages in which a good reason exists to use another way; so ignore these guidelines if doing so will be more helpful to readers than following them.

See also

• Disambiguation dos and don'ts (information page summarizing key points of this guideline)
• Disambiguation pages with links
• Category:Disambiguation pages in need of cleanup
• Database reports