Stacking penalties

Stacking penalties refer to an effectiveness reduction that is incurred when using two or more modules or rigs that affect the same attribute. Most, but not all, mods show in their description if they are subject to this. Modules affected by stacking penalty multiplier include, but are not limited to: Electronic warfare (target painters, webbers), resistance bonuses (hardeners, etc), ship speed modules (nanofiber structure, inertia stabilizers and overdrive injectors), and others.

Note that it is the stat bonus that is affected, not the module itself. For example, if you have a nanofiber internal structure (agility and velocity) and an overdrive injector system (velocity), the nano's velocity bonus would suffer a stacking penalty, but not its agility bonus. Similarly with armour or shield resistance modules: if you fit an EM hardener, an explosive hardener and an omni-hardener (adaptive invulnerability field or adaptive nano plating); the EM/Exp resistances from the omni-hardener would be stacking-penalized but the Kin/Therm resistances would not.

Also of note is that module drawbacks (negative effects) can also be stacking penalized.

While additional modules are stacking penalized, some modules' bonuses affect each other. E.g. when fitting damage modules, the effects of the second and third module will be stacking penalized but as the damage and rate of fire (RoF) bonuses affect each other, the second damage mod will add more raw dps to the fit than the first damage mod did. E.g. when fitting a Brutix, the first damage mod will bring the dps from 458 to 563 (+105) while the second will bring the damage from 563 to 674 (+111). The third damage mod will then "only" bring the dps from 674 to 757 (+83) so even though it is the third level in stacking penalties, it still adds nearly 80% the dps of the first one. Which modules' bonuses affect each other depends on the specific bonus formula and the author of this paragraph doesn't know for sure which ones besides damage mods do and which don't.

The Formula

Stacking-penalized modifiers are applied one at a time, in descending order of strength.

The n-th modifier is multiplied by S(n-1), as follows:

S(u) = e^{-(u / 2.67)²}

The Numbers

1st mod: 100.0% effectiveness
2nd mod: 86.9% effectiveness
3rd mod: 57.1% effectiveness
4th mod: 28.3% effectiveness
5th mod: 10.6% effectiveness
6th mod: 3.0% effectiveness

As is clear, stacking more than 3 or 4 modules or rigs - unless you really have nothing else at all that you could fit there - that affect the same stat is fairly pointless, as your benefit is so tiny.

What suffers stacking penalties?

The first thing to note is that absolute effects are never stacking-penalized, only percentage effects. That is to say, things like +1 warp core strength, +1000 structure HP, +15m signature radius, +400 GJ capacitor are not stacking-penalized because they are not percentage (%) effects.

The second thing is that only modules and rigs are stacking-penalized. Skills, ship bonuses from ship skills, implants, hardwirings and boosters are not.

The third thing is that negative and positive effects are stacking-penalized separately. So, one +% and one -% effect to an attribute suffers no penalties, whereas with two +% and two -% effects, one of each would only be 86.9% effective. An example might be velocity modifiers: if you have one Overdrive Injector System II on your ship (to increase your speed) whilst at the same time being slowed by a single Stasis Webifier II from an enemy ship - both velocity modifers are 100% effective. If you are then affected by second Stasis Webifier II (from the same or another ship) that second web will be only 86.9% effective.

It can be hard to tell exactly what suffers stacking penalties and what does not. For instance, the Overdrive Injector System II gives +12.5% velocity at a cost of -20% cargo capacity, and the description claims it suffers stacking penalties. The velocity bonus is stacking-penalized, but the cargo drawback is actually not. Similarly, the Warp Core Stabilizer II gives you one extra warp core strength at a cost of -40% targeting range and -40% scan resolution. It doesn't mention stacking penalty in the description, but the drawbacks are actually stacking-penalized.

We can learn from this that it is not the module itself which determines whether its effects are stacking-penalized, but rather the attribute affected.

Warfare link modules are stacking penalized as normal (assuming the stat they effect is actually stacking penalized), along with the rest of your modules & rigs.

Here's a handy table of what ship effects are stacking-penalized and which aren't. There are some weird exceptions (marked with a ^# and talked about below the table) and may be incomplete. Remember, it is only percentage effects from modules/rigs that are penalized.

Is <insert attribute> stacking-penalized?

Ship attribute	Stacking-penalized
Powergrid (including reduced-PG-need effects)	no
CPU (including reduced-CPU-need effects)	no
Cargo capacity	no
Capacitor capacity	no
Capacitor recharge rate	no
Shield recharge rate	no
Shield / armor / hull hit points	no
Shield / armor / hull resistances	yes¹
Shield boost / armor repair bonus	yes
Sensor strength	yes
ECM jammer strength	yes
Scan probe sensor strength	yes²
Scan resolution	yes
Targeting range	yes
Signature radius	yes
Velocity	yes
Inertia modifier (agility)	yes
Mass	yes
Duration (cycle time) bonuses (except weapons)	no³
Missile launcher rate of fire	yes
Missile damage	yes
Missile explosion velocity	no
Missile explosion radius	no
Missile flight time	yes
Missile velocity	yes
Turret rate of fire	yes
Turret damage modifier	yes
Turret tracking speed	yes⁴
All optimal range (modules/turrets)	yes
All falloff (modules/turrets)	yes
Mining laser yield (including mining drone yield)	no
Drone damage	yes

Weird Exceptions

Damage Control modules and the Reactive Armor Hardener module work slightly differently.
If you only fit one or the other (one Damage Control or one Reactive Hardener), then they are never stacking penalized. They will always give their full damage resistance effect, along with your most effective module that also gives it's full effect as explained above, followed by any other modules that will be stacking penalized. This is one reason why the Damage Control module is so popular; because it is always 100% effective.
If, however, you fit both, then one of them (whichever is less effective) will count as a second module and be stacking penalized accordingly (so, 86.9% effective). This is in addition to your normal resistance modules, of which one will give its full effect and the rest stacking penalized as explained above.
As an example, consider the following five modules all fitted to your ship and their resulting effectiveness: one Damage Control (100% effective), and one Reactive Armor Hardener (86.9% effective); one Armor EM Hardener (100% effective), one Energized Adaptive Nano Membrane (EM resistance 86.9% effective, other resistances 100% effective), and one Adaptive Nano Plating (EM resistance 57.1% effective, other resistances 86.9% effective).
The probe scan strength from Gravity Capacitor Upgrade rigs and Scan Rangefinding Arrays and Sisters & T2 launchers are all stacking penalized, even though the rigs & launchers don't mention it. Sisters probes are not, because they are not percentage effects - the core probes have a base strength of 22 instead of 20 (or 44 instead of 40 in the case of Sisters combat probes).
Although the Nanobot Accelerator rig (to decrease armor repairer cycle time) says it is stacking penalized in Show Info, it isn't.
Turret tracking speed modules are stacking penalized separately to turret tracking speed rigs (NOTE: this may no longer be true, requires testing).

There may be more weird exceptions that can be added here...

Stacking penalties

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