Shields

This article explains the functional process of spaceship shielding. It does not cover the various tactical applications of shields. These can be found in such as:

Shield Tanking • Passive Shield Tank • Logistics

Nor does it cover the detailed fitting of shields to specific ships. This can be found in such as:

Fitting 101 • Fitting 102 • Fitting Guidelines • Fitting Modules and Rigs Guide

The descriptions of the various ships include shield fits as appropriate to the hull. (See Hurricane, for example.)

What Is a Shield?

You can think of a shield as a sphere, completely enclosing the ship at a location just inside its Signature Radius.

Since the Signature Radius is the effective size of the ship – the area that is targeted by weapons – the shield intercepts any damage that occurs before it can reach the ship. At that point, the damage is filtered – some is rejected and the remainder is passed through to the ship's armor.

The shield consists of four separate, overlapping spheres, called "resistance layers", each of which protects against a different kind of damage. This means that the ship has a different shield resistance value for each of: thermal, kinetic, EM, and explosive damage. Resistance indicates how much of that kind of damage will be rejected by the shield when the ship is hit by that kind of weapon. Resistance values are always shown in percentages – for example, "30% Thermal Resistance" means that the shield will reject 30% of the damage from any weapons hit that does thermal damage.

The shield also has a capacity which shows how many hitpoints of damage it would take to destroy, or "drop", the shield. In combat this shows as the outermost of three red rings on the pilot's dashboard display. A ship's shield also has a recharge rate which shows how fast the shield rebuilds itself while damaged.

The base values for all of these can be found in the Attributes panel of the ship's Show Info window.

Example 1: Here are the shield values for a Caldari Kestrel Frigate:

• Shield Capacity in Hitpoints: 500
• Shield Recharge Time in Seconds: 625 (10.4 minutes)
• Shield Resistance: EM:0% Thermal:20% Kinetic:40% Explosive:50%

Example 2: A much bigger ship, the Minmatar Hurricane Battlecruiser:

• Shield Capacity in Hitpoints: 4250
• Shield Recharge Time in Seconds: 1400 (23.3 minutes)
• Shield Resistance: EM:0% Thermal:20% Kinetic:40% Explosive:50%

Notice that both ships have the same four shield resistance values. This is because the resistances are expressed in percentages. The Hurricane starts out with almost three times as many hitpoints, thus each percentage absorbs considerably more damage than will the Kestrel. In each case the shield recharge time is an average of what might happen in practice. The actual shield recharge rate varies quite a bit in combat – this is discussed in the Shield Recharge Rate section, below.

Resistance and Vulnerability

There are four types of damage, and a shield will deal with each differently. As illustrated here, a ship begins with a base Damage Resistance value for each type:

The four resistances shown for this ship show how much of each type of damage the shield will reject. Each of these resistance values also represents a corresponding "vulnerability" number that shows how much damage will get through the shield for each hit of that kind of weapon.

The Vulnerabilities are always 100% minus the resistances. So, for example, a ship with these resistances:

Shield Resistance: EM:0% Thermal:20% Kinetic:40% Explosive:50%

would have these vulnerabilities:

Shield Vulnerability: EM:100% Thermal:80% Kinetic:60% Explosive:50%

This is the damage that would impact on the shield if the ship flew with no benefits from skills, modules or rigs. Because of the way the shield damage reduction modules and rigs work, it is often more useful to focus on the shield's Vulnerabilities than its Resistances.

Stacking Penalties

Some of the shield enhancement modules that are discussed in the next few sections are subject to Stacking penalties which progressively reduce the effectiveness of the modules if they alter the same attribute. In other words, the second module is less than 100% effective, the third even less so, and so on. For shield attributes:

• Penalized: Shield resistances, Shield boost
• Not Penalized: Shield recharge rate, Shield hit points

The penalty only applies to the module's impact on the affected attribute, and progresses as follows:

1st mod: 100.0% effectiveness

2nd mod: 86.9% effectiveness

3rd mod: 57.1% effectiveness

4th mod: 28.3% effectiveness

... etc.

The modules are penalized in order from least effective to more effective - the "best" module for that attribute will be the one that works at 100%; the "second best" one at 86.9%.

Consideration of penalties while the choosing the proper equipment for a ship comes under the heading of "fitting" which is not covered in detail in this article – but stacking more than three modules is generally considered to be a bad idea. For more see the example in the Technical Section, below.

Shield Capacity

Shield capacity indicates how many hitpoints of damage it will take to drop the shields. (The ship itself is also protected by Armor and Hull defenses, and so it will take considerably more than than that to destroy the entire ship.) In general, the larger the ship, the larger the base shield capacity.

You can think of a shield's capacity as its current size; whenever the shield takes damage of any kind, its capacity goes down, and it shrinks. So while hits that do thermal, kinetic, EM, and/or explosive damage may be mitigated by the shield's resistance layers, any damage that does get through will be subtracted from the Shield Capacity value. This reduction will appear on the pilot's dashboard as a red mark in the outer shield ring.

IMPORTANT: When shield capacity drops below 25%, the shield will begin to "leak" damage through to the armor and/or the hull of the ship. A buzzer will sound when the 25% limit is reached. (Certain skills will reduce this leakage – see Shield Skills, below.)

Shield Booster and Extender modules add hitpoints to the capacity of the shield and increase the total amount of damage that the shield can take before it is destroyed. Because the total shield recharge time never changes, increasing the shield capacity will also reduce the shield recharge rate. Core Defense Field Extender rigs also extend shield capacity, but at the expense of Signature Radius.

Example: Small Shield Extender I

• Bonus: adds 400 hitpoints to the shield's total capacity
• Stacking Penalty: no
• Signature Radius Penalty: yes
• Capacitor Use: no
• Applies to damage type(s): all

Shield Recharge Rate

It takes a certain amount of time to recharge a fully depleted shield. This figure is given as the Shield Recharge Time in the ship's Attribute window. Recharging, however, does not tick along like the numbers on a clock. The speed varies depending on the amount of damage the shield has already taken.

File:QSG shieldsimpledrawing2.png

In the beginning, the shield charges at its average rate. As the shield takes damage, and it's capacity goes down, the rate at which it rebuilds itself goes up. If you want, you can think of this as the shield storing energy from the hits that it is taking and feeding the stored energy back into itself.

But then, when the shield capacity has dropped to about 25% (in other words, when the shield is three-quarters gone), the recharge rate peaks and begins to fall off. At its peak, the shield will be recharging about twice as fast as it was in the beginning.

At this point a buzzer will sound, to warn the pilot that the shield is at its recharging limit. If it continues to take more damage than it can hold, the recharge rate will drop off quickly, and the capacity of the shield will fall towards zero ... at zero the shield will go down.

The graph shown here is a simplified version of the Shield Recharge Rate Graph. A ship's shield begins at 100% full capacity ... the left side of the graph. As the shield takes damage, the rate at which it recharges slowly grows, until, when the shield is at about 25% of its capacity, the rate is more than twice what it was at the start. From then on, if the shield capacity continues to fall, the recharge rate will being to decrease. If damage continues, the shield will soon fail.

THE MAIN POINT: In combat the shield will recharge at an increasing rate until 25% of its capacity remains; then the rate will fall off quickly towards zero.

Flux Coil, Power Relay and Shield Recharger modules all increase the Recharge Rate of the shield and so decrease the amount of time it takes to rebuild lost shield capacity. Core Defense Field Purger rigs also increase the shield Recharge Rate, but at the expense of Signature Radius.

Example: Basic Shield Flux Coil

File:QSG fluxcoilI.png

• Bonus: increases the shield recharge rate by 20%
• Stacking Penalty: no
• Other Penalty: reduces the shield capacity by 10%
• Signature Radius Penalty: no
• Capacitor Use: no
• Applies to damage type: All

Damage Type Resistance

As noted in the Resistance and Vulnerability section, above, weapon strikes result in one or more of four types of damage: thermal, kinetic, EM, and/or explosive. Various modules mitigate specific types of damage. These modules often have stacking penalties. and while dealing with those is a matter of ship fitting, and not are discussed in detail here, an illustrative example is included, below.

Shield Hardener and Resistance Amplifier modules reduce the Damage Type Vulnerabilities of the shield. Anti-Damage Type Screen Reinforcer rigs reduce specific Damage Type Vulnerabilites, but increase the ship's Signature Radius.

Kinetic Deflection Field I

• Bonus: reduces the vulnerability of the shield to kinetic damage by 50%
• Stacking Penalty: yes
• Signature Radius Penalty: no
• Capacitor Use: yes
• Applies to damage type(s): kinetic

Since you need a different module for each type of damage, and since most ships do not have enough medium level power slots to handle more than a few modules, it is difficult to use these kinds of modules to protect against all types of damage. One solution is to load the kind of module you need for the expected encounter. Another is to use a "multi-type" module that protects against all damage types.

Adaptive Invulnerability Field I

• Bonus: reduces the vulnerability of the shield to all types of damage by 25%
• Stacking Penalty: yes
• Signature Radius Penalty: no
• Capacitor Use: yes
• Applies to damage type(s): EM, explosive, kinetic. thermal

The following module is listed under Armor and Hull in the EVE Ship Equipment list. It has unique properties and is widely used in many different fits.

Damage Control I

• Bonus: reduces the vulnerability of the shield to all types of damage by 7.5%
• Stacking Penalty: none listed, minor exceptions may apply
• Signature Radius Penalty: no
• Capacitor Use: yes
• Applies to damage type(s): EM, explosive, kinetic. thermal
• Other bonuses: reduces damage to armor and hull
• Other contstraints: a ship may activate only one of these at any given time.

Using Shields

In some cases the technical construction of the ship dictates the use of Shields (or Armor) as its primary defense. Any ship receiving a bonus to shield capabilites would likely use shields. And because most shield modules use medium level power slots, a ship with more mid than low slots will tend to use shields.

For example, these ships will usually use shields:

• The ORE Procurer, a mining ship, receives a 5% bonus to shield hitpoints.
• The Caldari Moa, a cruiser, receives a 4% bonus to all shield resistances.
• The Caldari Kestrel, a frigate, has four mid slots and only two low slots.

On the other hand, these ships will usually use armor:

• The Amarr Prophecy, a battlecruiser, has seven low slots and four medium slots.
• The Gallente Incursus, a frigate, has a 7.5% bonus to Armor Repairer amount.

It is worth noting that many ships can use either shields or armor. In these cases the choice is a matter of fitting ... what is the goal of the fit, and what are the skills of the pilot?

IMPORTANT: Ships should use either shields or armor ... but never both. Some shield modules increase the Signature Radius of a ship and make it easier to target. Some armor modules decrease the speed of a ship and make it easier to catch. While there are benefit trade-offs that make this acceptable for one kind of defense or the other, there are few, if any, trade-offs that accomodate both.

Advantages of Shields

• Does not reduce speed or maneuverability
• As a first line of defense, leaves you with Armor and Hull as a fallback if shields go down
• Recharge on their own – no need to dock for repairs
• Shield recharge modules work more quickly than armor repair modules
• Low slots are available for weapon enhancing modules

Disadvantages of Shields

• Increases signature radius – ship becomes easier to target
• Fewer kinds of enhancement modules – less choice than with armor
• Shield recharge modules use more capacitor power than armor repair modules
• Mid slots are not available for EWAR, propulsion and scanning modules

Shield Tanking

The term "shield tanking" refers to the use of shields as a ship's primary defensive mechanism. There are three general approaches to Shield Tanking:

• Active – use modules that draw on the ship's capacitor to improve shield performance
• Passive – use modules that do not draw on the ship's capacitor; mostly to improve shield recharge rate
• Buffer – use modules that do not draw on the ship's capacitor; mostly to increase the shield's capacity and resistance

This topic is covered in depth in the course on Shield Tanking, and in the article on Passive Shield Tank.

Logistical Shielding

Logistical shielding is the use of one ship's modules to apply shield protection to a different ship. This is covered in the E-UNI courses Logistics 101: Introduction to Logistics and the document Guide to Logistics.

Ships that Use Shields

Every ship has a shield. Whether or not a pilot decides to expand and improve the shield is his or her choice. You can find lists of ships that are commonly tanked with shields, but unless you are in a drastic hurry, you are better off choosing a ship that fits your situation and THEN deciding whether to use shields or armor as your primary defense.

That said, here are the factors that you look for when you are thinking about shields:

• a ship bonus that favors shields over armor,
• a shortage of low or a surplus of mid power slots,
• more need to favor modules that improve weaponry (which tend to need low slots),
• less need for modules that support tackling and scanning (which tend to need mid slots),
• pilot skills that are biased towards shields.

Shield Skills

A variety of skills improve a pilot's use of shields. Some of these are important to all pilots, while others are most important to pilot's who "shield tank" their ships and depend on shields as the primary means of defense.

Basic Shield Skills

These will be useful to any pilot and should be trained as soon as possible at least to Level III.

Shield Management – 5% bonus to shield capacity per skill level

Shield Operation – 5% reduction in shield recharge time per skill level

Shield Upgrades – 5% reduction in shield upgrade powergrid needs

Tactical Shield Manipulation – Reduces the "bleed through" of damage when the shield falls below 25% by 5% per skill level

Shield Tanking Skills

These are of most use to pilots who depend on shields as their primary defense. Refer to the article on Shield Tanking for detailed information.

Shield Compensation – 2% less capacitor need for shield boosters per skill level

Thermal Shield Compensation, Kinetic Shield Compensation, Explosive Shield Compensation, EM Shield Compensation – 5% bonus to damage resistance per level for Shield Amplifiers of the type listed

Other Shield Skills

These require advanced training and are of little use to newer players.

Shield Emission Systems – providing shield capacity to other players ... used in Logistics.

Capital Shield Operation – 2% reduction in capacitor need for capital shield boosters per skill level

Capital Shield Emission Systems – 5% reduced capacitor need for capital shield emission system modules per skill level

Technical Section: Shield Recharge Rate

Measured shield HP during passive recharge from zero and theoretical shield HP from formula plotted. Click to enlarge.

Shield recharge rate follows same formula as capacitor recharge rate.

...where:
C is your current shield HP.
C_max is your maximum shield HP.
dC/dt is your current shield recharge rate in HP/s.
τ is shield recharge time divided by 5.

The average shield recharge rate can be computed by dividing the shield capacity by its recharge time.

Average HP/s = Shield maximum / Recharge time

Recharge time does not depend on shield capacity. This means that if two ships have the same RT and one has more shield capacity, then the one with the larger capacity will recharge faster.

The peak recharge Rate is 250% of average shield recharge. It occurs when the capacity of the shield is at 25% of its maximum value.

Technical Section: Fitting Multiple Modules with Stacking Penalties

Although it seems laborious, shield fitting requires this computation for each module that incurs a stacking penalty. Note, also, that the use of percentage reductions and stacking penalties is what prevents the total vulnerability from reaching zero. With no vulnerability, the ship would take no damage ... which sounds like fun briefly, but would make for rather boring game play.

This is meant as an illustration. Suppose a ship's base Kinetic damage resistance is 40%. This means that its base Kinetic Vulnerability is 60%. Now suppose that the pilot installs a module that reduces Kinetic Vulnerability by 40%. This makes the reduction in vulnerability 40% of 60%, or 24%. And so the new vulnerability is 60% - 24%, or 36%.

Now suppose that second module is installed, and that this module has a bonus that reduces Kinetic Vulnerability by 30%. First, because these two modules alter the same attribute, a stacking penalty must be applied. This reduces the "lesser" module's affect to 86.9% of 30%, or 26.1%.

Since the updated vulnerability from the first module was 36%, the new change in vulnerability is 26.1% of 36%, or 9.4%. This change is subtracted from 36% to get the new updated vulnerability of 26.6%.

This means that with these two modules installed, any kinetic hit will have 73.4% of its damage removed, while 26.6% of the damage will get through. Here is a summary:

	Base Kinetic Resistance	First Module	Second Module
Module Bonus	-	40%	30%
Penalty	none	none	86.9%
Bonus with Penalty	none	40%	26.1%
Current Vulnerability	60%	60%	36%
Change	none	24%	9.4%
Updated Vulnerability	60%	36%	26.6%