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Although this article refers only to ships, the acceleration mechanics apply to any object moving under power in the EVE universe, for example missiles and drones. | Although this article refers only to ships, the acceleration mechanics apply to any object moving under power in the EVE universe, for example missiles and drones. | ||
==How do ships in EVE accelerate and decelerate?== | == How do ships in EVE accelerate and decelerate? == | ||
In terms of kinematic motion, when the ship starts to accelerate it will quickly increase its speed, but as the speed increases toward the maximum, the acceleration decreases exponentially. (In theory, the ship will never reach its top speed, however in reality, it won't take long to get so close to top speed that the difference is negligible and EVE rounds up the figure on the HUD.) | In terms of kinematic motion, when the ship starts to accelerate it will quickly increase its speed, but as the speed increases toward the maximum, the acceleration decreases exponentially. (In theory, the ship will never reach its top speed, however in reality, it won't take long to get so close to top speed that the difference is negligible and EVE rounds up the figure on the HUD.) | ||
Deceleration is simply acceleration in a direction opposed to the one and object is | Deceleration is simply acceleration in a direction opposed to the one and object is traveling in, i.e. 'braking'. The closer to the ship's top speed it is traveling, the faster it will decelerate. | ||
== What decides how quickly a ship accelerates? == | |||
The idea of acceleration = force/mass can be thrown away for now, because there are only two basic attributes which determine the relative acceleration (how quickly a ship accelerates to its maximum speed): Mass and Inertial Modifier. The latter can be reduced with both skills and modules while mass can only be reduced in very specific circumstances (on the other hand, it may be increased by armor plates and active propulsion modules). The product of Mass and the Inertia Modifier gives the ship's agility which determines how quickly the ship accelerates (and thus how quickly it turns); lower values imply better acceleration and turning speed. On the other hand, the maximum velocity of a ship does not affect relative acceleration at all. So on a ship equipped with Nanofiber Internal Structure, for example, while both the inertia and maximum speed modifier make the ship accelerate in classical terms faster, only the inertia will make its relative acceleration faster, making it align to warp faster. | The idea of acceleration = force/mass can be thrown away for now, because there are only two basic attributes which determine the relative acceleration (how quickly a ship accelerates to its maximum speed): Mass and Inertial Modifier. The latter can be reduced with both skills and modules while mass can only be reduced in very specific circumstances (on the other hand, it may be increased by armor plates and active propulsion modules). The product of Mass and the Inertia Modifier gives the ship's agility which determines how quickly the ship accelerates (and thus how quickly it turns); lower values imply better acceleration and turning speed. On the other hand, the maximum velocity of a ship does not affect relative acceleration at all. So on a ship equipped with Nanofiber Internal Structure, for example, while both the inertia and maximum speed modifier make the ship accelerate in classical terms faster, only the inertia will make its relative acceleration faster, making it align to warp faster. | ||
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== Mathematics and formulae == | == Mathematics and formulae == | ||
The following formula describes the velocity of a ship accelerating from a standstill after a particular time: | The following formula describes the velocity of a ship accelerating from a standstill after a particular time: | ||
: <math >V_{\rm{t}} = V_{\rm{max}} \times \left( 1 - e^{ \frac{-t\times10^6}{I\times M} } \right) </math> | |||
where: | where: | ||
; ''t'' : Time in seconds | |||
; ''V<sub>t</sub>'' : Velocity after time ''t'' in m/s | |||
; ''V<sub>max</sub>'' : Ship's maximum velocity in m/s | |||
; ''I'' : Ship's inertia modifier, in s/kg | |||
; ''M'' : Ship's mass in kg | |||
; ''e'' : [[wikipedia:E (mathematical constant)|Euler's Number]] ≈ 2.71828 | |||
=== Explanation === | === Explanation === | ||
The final term (with the exponent) gives the fraction of maximum velocity that is reached after time ''t''. This is multiplied by the maximum velocity to find the absolute velocity at time ''t''. Note that this only depends on time, inertia modifier and mass (''e'' is a constant). | The final term (with the exponent) gives the fraction of maximum velocity that is reached after time ''t''. This is multiplied by the maximum velocity to find the absolute velocity at time ''t''. Note that this only depends on time, inertia modifier and mass (''e'' is a constant). | ||
The | The 10<sup>6</sup> term cancels out a factor of one million in the mass term. So to simplify you can ignore the 10<sup>6</sup> and use the mass of the ship in millions of kg instead of kg. | ||
As for acceleration itself, this is just the first derivative of velocity with respect to time. | As for acceleration itself, this is just the first derivative of velocity with respect to time. | ||
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Rearranging the formula for t we arrive at the formula for time taken to accelerate from zero to V: | Rearranging the formula for t we arrive at the formula for time taken to accelerate from zero to V: | ||
: <math> \displaystyle t_{V} = -I \times M \times 10^{-6} \times \ln\left( 1 - \frac{V}{V_{\rm{max}} } \right) </math> | |||
Where ''t<sub>V</sub>'' is the time to accelerate to velocity ''V'' in seconds. Note that at ''V'' = ''V<sub>max</sub>'', 1 - ''V'' / ''V<sub>max</sub>'' = 0, but ln 0 is undefined, so in theory it takes infinite time to reach maximum speed (technically, the limit of ''t<sub>V</sub>'' as ''V'' approaches ''V<sub>max</sub>'' is positive infinity). In practice the game simulation is not perfectly accurate and it actually takes finite time to reach maximum speed to within whatever precision the simulation uses. (Strictly speaking, velocity is a vector, so it has both direction and magnitude, but the game is really only concerned with its absolute value (i.e. the magnitude part) more commonly called 'speed'.) | Where ''t<sub>V</sub>'' is the time to accelerate to velocity ''V'' in seconds. Note that at ''V'' = ''V<sub>max</sub>'', 1 - ''V'' / ''V<sub>max</sub>'' = 0, but ln 0 is undefined, so in theory it takes infinite time to reach maximum speed (technically, the limit of ''t<sub>V</sub>'' as ''V'' approaches ''V<sub>max</sub>'' is positive infinity). In practice the game simulation is not perfectly accurate and it actually takes finite time to reach maximum speed to within whatever precision the simulation uses. (Strictly speaking, velocity is a vector, so it has both direction and magnitude, but the game is really only concerned with its absolute value (i.e. the magnitude part) more commonly called 'speed'.) | ||
====Example==== | ==== Example ==== | ||
Pete has just got himself a new freighter, a {{sh|Charon}}. The Charon has a mass of 1,200,000,000 kg and an inertia modifier of 0.02176875 (after adjustment for skills). Pete wants to know how long it takes for his ship to reach the speed needed to enter warp. Since this is 75% of the ship's top speed regardless of what that top speed actually is, he doesn't bother calculating it, but instead simplifies by substituting 0.75 and 1 for ''V'' and ''V<sub>max</sub>'' respectively. | Pete has just got himself a new freighter, a {{sh|Charon}}. The Charon has a mass of 1,200,000,000 kg and an inertia modifier of 0.02176875 (after adjustment for skills). Pete wants to know how long it takes for his ship to reach the speed needed to enter warp. Since this is 75% of the ship's top speed regardless of what that top speed actually is, he doesn't bother calculating it, but instead simplifies by substituting 0.75 and 1 for ''V'' and ''V<sub>max</sub>'' respectively. | ||
Time to Warp = 0.02176875 × 1.2 × | Time to Warp = 0.02176875 × 1.2 × 10^9 × 10^-6 × -ln (1 - 0.75 / 1) | ||
= 0.02176875 × 1.2 × | = 0.02176875 × 1.2 × 10^3 × -ln (1 - 0.75) | ||
= 0.02176875 × 1200 × -ln 0.25 | = 0.02176875 × 1200 × -ln 0.25 | ||
= 26.1225 × 1.38629436 | = 26.1225 × 1.38629436 | ||
= 36.2134744 seconds. | = 36.2134744 seconds. | ||
[[Category:Game mechanics]] | [[Category:Game mechanics]] | ||