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Actual medium of publication or presentation is not a factor; a video feature only released on video tape, disc or the Internet is considered a "film" for these purposes, and likewise an e-book is a book, a webcomic is a comic strip, a music album only available from the artist on a limited-edition USB drive is a real album, a TV series only available via streaming services is still a series, etc. | Actual medium of publication or presentation is not a factor; a video feature only released on video tape, disc or the Internet is considered a "film" for these purposes, and likewise an e-book is a book, a webcomic is a comic strip, a music album only available from the artist on a limited-edition USB drive is a real album, a TV series only available via streaming services is still a series, etc. | ||
''Minor works'' (any specifically-titled subdivisions of italicized major works) are given in quotation marks. ''(See {{section link|UniWiki:Manual of Style/Text formatting|When not to use italics}} for details.)'' | |||
Website titles may or may not be italicized depending on the type of site and what kind of content it features. Online magazines, newspapers, and news sites with original content should generally be italicized ({{xt|''Salon.com''}} or {{xt|''The Huffington Post''}}). Online encyclopedias and dictionaries should also be italicized ({{xt|''Scholarpedia''}} or {{xt|''Merriam-Webster Online''}}). Other types of websites should be decided on a case-by-case basis. | Website titles may or may not be italicized depending on the type of site and what kind of content it features. Online magazines, newspapers, and news sites with original content should generally be italicized ({{xt|''Salon.com''}} or {{xt|''The Huffington Post''}}). Online encyclopedias and dictionaries should also be italicized ({{xt|''Scholarpedia''}} or {{xt|''Merriam-Webster Online''}}). Other types of websites should be decided on a case-by-case basis. | ||
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=== Link formatting === | === Link formatting === | ||
To display text in italics, enclose it in double [[ | To display text in italics, enclose it in double [[Wikipedia:Apostrophe|apostrophes]]. | ||
* ''[[The Mary Tyler Moore Show]]'' is produced by italicizing around (not inside) the link: <code><nowiki>''[[The Mary Tyler Moore Show]]''</nowiki></code>. | * ''[[Wikipedia:The Mary Tyler Moore Show|The Mary Tyler Moore Show]]'' is produced by italicizing around (not inside) the link: <code><nowiki>''[[Wikipedia:The Mary Tyler Moore Show]]''</nowiki></code>. | ||
If the title is also a wikilink but only part of it should be italicized, use italics around or inside a [[Wikipedia:Piped link|piped link]] to properly display the title: | If the title is also a wikilink but only part of it should be italicized, use italics around or inside a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Piped link|piped link]] to properly display the title: | ||
* ''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]'' is produced by <code><nowiki>''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]''</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>[[Casablanca (film)|''Casablanca'']]</nowiki></code>. | * ''[[Wikipedia:Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]'' is produced by <code><nowiki>''[[Wikipedia:Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]''</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Casablanca (film)|''Casablanca'']]</nowiki></code>. | ||
:Without piping, this wikilink would display – and incorrectly italicize – the disambiguation term, which is not part of the film title. | :Without piping, this wikilink would display – and incorrectly italicize – the disambiguation term, which is not part of the film title. | ||
===Italicizing | ===Italicizing UniWiki article titles=== | ||
:''See also: [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Article titles#Italics and other formatting|Wikipedia:Article titles#Italics and other formatting]]'' | |||
If the title of a | If the title of a UniWiki article requires italicization, use the <code><nowiki>{{DISPLAYTITLE}}</nowiki></code> magic word for more nuanced titles, as at [[Wikipedia:List of Sex and the City episodes|List of ''Sex and the City'' episodes]] and [[Wikipedia:USS Baltimore (CA-68)|USS ''Baltimore'' (CA-68)]] (''see [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Page name#Changing the displayed title|Wikipedia:Page name § Changing the displayed title]]'' for technical details). | ||
== Quotation marks == | == Quotation marks == | ||
:''This section is about the use of quotation marks in titles of works of art or artifice. For use of quotation marks generally, see [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Quotation marks|Wikipedia:Quotation marks]]''. | |||
===Minor works=== | ===Minor works=== | ||
Italics are generally [[#Italics|used only for titles of longer works]]. Titles of shorter works should be enclosed in double [[quotation | Italics are generally [[#Italics|used only for titles of longer works]]. Titles of shorter works should be enclosed in double [[Wikipedia:Quotation mark|quotation marks]] ("text like this"). It particularly applies to works that exist as a smaller part of a larger work. Examples of titles which are quoted but not italicized: | ||
* Articles, essays, papers, or conference presentation notes (stand-alone or in a collected larger work): {{xt|"The Dos and Don'ts of Dating Online" is an article by Phil "Dr. Phil" McGraw on his advice site.}} | * Articles, essays, papers, or conference presentation notes (stand-alone or in a collected larger work): {{xt|"The Dos and Don'ts of Dating Online" is an article by Phil "Dr. Phil" McGraw on his advice site.}} | ||
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* Entries in a reference work (dictionary, encyclopedia, etc.) | * Entries in a reference work (dictionary, encyclopedia, etc.) | ||
* Single episodes or plot arcs of a television series or other serial audio-visual program: {{xt|"The Germans" is an episode of the television programme ''Fawlty Towers''}} | * Single episodes or plot arcs of a television series or other serial audio-visual program: {{xt|"The Germans" is an episode of the television programme ''Fawlty Towers''}} | ||
* Sections within a periodical, including features, departments, columns (non-syndicated), titled cartoons (not syndicated comic strips) | * Sections within a periodical, including features, departments, columns (non-syndicated), titled cartoons (not syndicated comic strips) | ||
* Segments of a play, film, television show, etc., including named acts, skits, scenes, and the like | * Segments of a play, film, television show, etc., including named acts, skits, scenes, and the like | ||
* Short stories (textual or graphic): {{xt|"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" by Ambrose Bierce}} | * Short stories (textual or graphic): {{xt|"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" by Ambrose Bierce}} | ||
* Songs, instrumentals, album tracks, singles, and other short musical compositions: {{xt|The Beatles' song "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"}} appears on the album also titled ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'' | |||
* Songs, instrumentals | |||
* Speeches, lectures, and conference presentations (only if given a specific title) | * Speeches, lectures, and conference presentations (only if given a specific title) | ||
This convention also applies to songs, speeches, manuscripts, etc., with no known formal titles but which are conventionally referred to by lines from them as if they were titles: {{xt|Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech}}.<ref | This convention also applies to songs, speeches, manuscripts, etc., with no known formal titles but which are conventionally referred to by lines from them as if they were titles: {{xt|Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech}}.<ref>The title given to Martin Luther King Jr.'s [[Wikipedia:I Have a Dream|"I Have a Dream" speech]] appears in quotation marks because it is derived from a line in the speech; the title given to Nixon's [[Wikipedia:Checkers speech|Checkers speech]] does not appear in quotation marks because it is derived from the name of a dog mentioned in the speech, rather than a passage quoted from the speech.</ref> | ||
The formatting of the title of a pamphlet, which is on the divide between a booklet or short book on the one hand and a leaflet or brochure on the other | The formatting of the title of a pamphlet, which is on the divide between a booklet or short book on the one hand and a leaflet or brochure on the other - specifically, whether to italicize the title or place it within quotation marks - is left to editorial discretion at the article in question. Anything that has been assigned an [[Wikipedia:ISBN|ISBN]] or [[Wikipedia:ISSN|ISSN]] should be italicized. Another rule of thumb is that if the work is intended to stand alone and to be kept for later reference, or is likely to be seen as having merit as a stand-alone work, italicize it. Use quotation marks if the item is entirely ephemeral, trivial, or simply promotional of some other work or product. | ||
=== Additional markup === | === Additional markup === | ||
If a title is enclosed in quotation marks, do not include the quotation marks in any additional formatting markup. For example, if a title in quotation marks is the subject of a | If a title is enclosed in quotation marks, do not include the quotation marks in any additional formatting markup. For example, if a title in quotation marks is the subject of a UniWiki article and therefore displayed in boldface in the [[UniWiki:Manual of Style/Lead section|lead section]], the quotation marks should ''not'' be in boldface because they are not part of the title itself. For further information, see [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Punctuation|Wikipedia:Punctuation]]. | ||
== Neither == | == Neither == | ||
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There are cases in which the title should be in neither italics nor quotation marks (though many are capitalized): | There are cases in which the title should be in neither italics nor quotation marks (though many are capitalized): | ||
* Legal or constitutional documents: {{xt|temporary restraining order}}, {{xt|Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms}}, {{xt|Bill of Rights}} | * Legal or constitutional documents: {{xt|temporary restraining order}}, {{xt|Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms}}, {{xt|Bill of Rights}} | ||
* Descriptive titles: a reference to or description of a work or part of a work when not using its actual or conventional title: {{xt|137th graduation address}}, {{xt|conference keynote speech}}, {{xt|an introductory aria}}, {{xt|Satie's furniture music}}, {{xt|State of the Union address}}, {{xt|Nixon's Checkers speech}}; | * Descriptive titles: a reference to or description of a work or part of a work when not using its actual or conventional title: {{xt|137th graduation address}}, {{xt|conference keynote speech}}, {{xt|an introductory aria}}, {{xt|Satie's furniture music}}, {{xt|State of the Union address}}, {{xt|Nixon's Checkers speech}}; also: {{xt|the season finale of ''Game of Thrones''}}, not {{!xt|the "Season Finale" of ''Game of Thrones''}} ''(for media franchises such as series of books, films, etc., see {{section link||Series titles}} below)'' | ||
* Software other than games: {{xt|iTunes}}, {{xt|traceroute}}, {{xt|Sobig}} | * Software other than games: {{xt|iTunes}}, {{xt|traceroute}}, {{xt|Sobig}} | ||
* Commercial products other than media works {{xt|Cheerios}}, {{xt|Sportivo Coupe}}, {{xt|Silly Putty}} | * Commercial products other than media works {{xt|Cheerios}}, {{xt|Sportivo Coupe}}, {{xt|Silly Putty}} | ||
* [[World's fair]] | * [[Wikipedia:World's fair|World's fairs]] and other large-scale exhibition events (e.g. with their own grounds and spanning more than one building), and concerts or other large media events: {{xt|Expo 2010}}, {{xt|Cannes Film Festival}}, {{xt|Burning Man}}, {{xt|Lollapalooza}} | ||
* Works named by a generic title: {{xt|Symphony No. 2 by Gustav Mahler ...}}, {{xt|Shakespeare's Sonnet 130 ...}}, {{xt|The Magnificat by Schütz}}, {{xt|... the Adagio sometimes attributed to Albinoni.}} | * Works named by a generic title: {{xt|Symphony No. 2 by Gustav Mahler ...}}, {{xt|Shakespeare's Sonnet 130 ...}}, {{xt|The Magnificat by Schütz}}, {{xt|... the Adagio sometimes attributed to Albinoni.}} | ||
* Smaller parts of larger works when they are simply numbered sequentially, and the title appears that way in the work (or a preponderance of reliable sources about the work): {{xt|''To Kill a Mockingbird'', Part One, Chapter 1}} | * Smaller parts of larger works when they are simply numbered sequentially, and the title appears that way in the work (or a preponderance of reliable sources about the work): {{xt|''To Kill a Mockingbird'', Part One, Chapter 1}} | ||
===Series titles=== | ===Series titles=== | ||
Descriptive titles for [[media | Descriptive titles for [[Wikipedia:Media franchise|media franchises]] and [[Wikipedia:Fictional universe|fictional universes]] (including trilogies and other series of novels or films) should '''not''' be placed in italics or quotation marks, even when based on a character or feature of the works ({{xt|Tolkien's Middle-earth writings}}, {{xt|the Marvel and DC universes in comics}}, {{xt|Sherlock Holmes mysteries}}). However, the following should be set in italics: | ||
* Actual titles of a series declared by the author or publisher ({{xt|''Les Rougon-Macquart''}}, {{xt|''The Chronicles of Narnia''}}) | * Actual titles of a series declared by the author or publisher ({{xt|''Les Rougon-Macquart''}}, {{xt|''The Chronicles of Narnia''}}) | ||
* The name of an individual work within the series name ({{xt|The ''Star Wars'' franchise}} named for the ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' film, {{xt|The ''Three Colors'' trilogy}} named for films with the prefix ''Three Colors''). | * The name of an individual work within the series name ({{xt|The ''Star Wars'' franchise}} named for the ''[[Wikipedia:Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' film, {{xt|The ''Three Colors'' trilogy}} named for films with the prefix ''Three Colors''). | ||
== Punctuation == | == Punctuation == | ||
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== Capital letters == | == Capital letters == | ||
{{ | {{see also|UniWiki:Manual of Style/Capital letters#Composition titles}} | ||
In English-language titles, every word except for articles, short coordinating conjunctions, or short prepositions is capitalized, as is the first or last word within the title. Capitalization of non-English titles varies by language. ''See {{section link|UniWiki:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}} for more detailed information and examples.'' | |||
In English-language titles, every word except for articles, short coordinating conjunctions, or short prepositions is capitalized, as is the first or last word within the title. Capitalization of non-English titles varies by language. | |||
However, for names of | However, for names of UniWiki articles and of section headings in articles and pages, generally only the first word and all [[Wikipedia:Proper names|proper names]] are capitalized in titles. ''See {{section link|UniWiki:Manual of Style/Capital letters|Composition titles}} for details.)'' | ||
After a hyphen, follow the capitalization rule for each part independently (resulting in, e.g., {{xt|''The Out-of-Towners''}}), unless reliable sources consistently do otherwise in a particular case ({{xt|''The History of Middle-earth''}}). | After a hyphen, follow the capitalization rule for each part independently (resulting in, e.g., {{xt|''The Out-of-Towners''}}), unless reliable sources consistently do otherwise in a particular case ({{xt|''The History of Middle-earth''}}). | ||
== | == Typographic effects == | ||
Do not attempt (with HTML, Unicode, wikimarkup, inline images, or any other method) to emulate any purely typographic effects used in titles when giving the title on the UniWiki, though an article on a work may also include a note about how it is often styled, e.g. in marketing materials. When giving such a stylization, it is not italicized or placed in quotation marks as a title; this confuses readers, who are apt to think such markup is part of the stylization when it is not. | |||
* Right: {{xt|'''''Eve Online''''' (stylized as EVE Online) is a space MMO published by Icelandic gaming company Crowd Control Productions.}} | |||
* Wrong: {{!xt|''EVE Online'' occupies a unique niche among MMOs.}} | |||
For typographic effects that do not represent actual mathematical or scientific usage, it is preferable to use HTML or wiki markup, not Unicode equivalents, for superscript and subscript. When giving a stylization, do not attempt to mimic specific fonts, font size quirks, uneven letter placement, coloration, letters replaced with images, unusual upper- or lower-casing, or other visual marketing ''(see [[UniWiki:Manual of Style/Capital letters]])''. | |||
If a stylization that readers might look for can be created as an article title, [[Wikipedia:WP:Redirect|redirect]] it to the actual article. | |||
[[Wikipedia:Semantic markup|Semantic markup]] in titles may be preserved if it conveys meaning not just decoration, especially if omitting it would make the title difficult to understand or cause it to not copy-paste correctly: | |||
* {{xt|1=''E=mc²: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation'' by David Bodani (2001)}} | * {{xt|1=''E=mc²: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation'' by David Bodani (2001)}} | ||
== Abbreviation of long titles == | == Abbreviation of long titles == | ||
{{main|UniWiki:Manual of Style/Abbreviations}} | |||
{{main| | When it is impractical to keep repeating a long title in the same article, it is permissible to use a commonly-used abbreviation of it. This is usually introduced on second mention, with a parenthetical "hereafter": {{xt|"It's the End of the World as We Know It (And I Feel Fine)" (hereafter "ITEOTWAWKI")}}. Some other examples include ''{{xt|OED}}'' for ''The Oxford English Dictionary'', ''{{xt|LOTR}}'' for ''The Lord of the Rings'', and ''{{xt|STII:TWOK}}'' for ''Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan'' (it is not necessary to use [[Wikipedia:Camel case|camel case]], as in ''LotR'', unless common usage prefers such a spelling). Such an abbreviation need not be mentioned in the [[UniWiki:Manual of Style/Lead section|lead section]] of the article unless the work is very commonly known by the abbreviation (e.g., ''{{xt|GTA}}'' for the ''Grand Theft Auto'' video game series), or the lead is long and the abbreviation is needed in the lead. Such abbreviations follow the italics or quotation-marked style of the full title. | ||
When it is impractical to keep repeating a long title in the same article, it is permissible to use a | |||
A common convention in literary and film reviews is to use the first major word or two from the title (or subtitle, for franchise works) in the same manner, e.g. {{xt|Roger Ebert gave ''Eternal Sunshine'' a rating of ..."}}, for ''Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind''. Although this approach may be also used on | A common convention in literary and film reviews is to use the first major word or two from the title (or subtitle, for franchise works) in the same manner, e.g. {{xt|Roger Ebert gave ''Eternal Sunshine'' a rating of ..."}}, for ''Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind''. Although this approach may be also used on the UniWiki, it can seem unencyclopedically colloquial if used for works that have short titles to begin with. Also avoid this usage if confusion could occur, as when the abbreviated form could refer to another element in the same franchise that is also mentioned in our article ({{!xt|''Shannara'' adapts literary high fantasy ...}} would not work well at the Wikipedia article on ''[[Wikipedia:The Shannara Chronicles|The Shannara Chronicles]]'', because "Shannara" appears in the titles of the books on which the TV series is based). Abbreviated forms should be retained as-is in direct quotations (and may be clarified if necessary with square-bracketed editorial insertions). | ||
It is common to shorten a reference to a work in a series to just its subtitle on second and later mention, or when the context already makes it clear what the overarching title is. | It is common to shorten a reference to a work in a series to just its subtitle on second and later mention, or when the context already makes it clear what the overarching title is. | ||
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==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||