User:Hirmuolio Pine/sandbox2

Electronic Counter Measures, also known as ECM or "jamming". ECM gives a chance to cause the targeted ship to lose all targets it has locked, and loses the ability to target anything new for 20 seconds. During combat this means the affected ship cannot shoot or use any targeted modules on you or any of your fleet mates. This almost completely eliminates their ability to take part in the fight. Your target will still be able to use modules which don't require a target such as Smartbombs or other area effect weapons; however, because those untargeted modules have niche use, ECM is generally regarded as the most effective Electronic Warfare technique.

ECM Mechanics

Every ship in the game has a base sensor strength and this sensor is always of a certain type (Gravimetric, Ladar, Radar, Magenetometric).

The jam strength of your ECM is compared to the sensor strength of your target and the jamming is applied based on probapility.

Each individual ECM module is applied separately and there are no stacking penalties. This makes it opssible to scale up ECM without limit.

Your chance to jam a target is based on this equation:

And if you use multiple jammers:

Note that when calculating the chance to jam a single target using a rainbow fit, the above formula must be modified, considering that a rainbow fit will have different jam strengths per racial jammer.

Falloff and Optimal range

The ECM modules have two separate range attributes: Optimal and falloff. As long as you are within your optimal range your ECM modules will work with full efficiency but once you go to your falloff the ECM module will start to lose its effectiveness.

The ECM module follows same formula for range as all other modules that have a falloff mechanic:

Going slightly beyond your optimal is not a problem but the effectiveness of ECM will degrade more rapidly as you go further away as seen in the table below.

Parts into Falloff	Relative jam chance
0	1.0000
0.2	0.9727
0.4	0.8950
0.6	0.7792
0.8	0.6417
1.0	0.5000
1.2	0.3686
1.4	0.2570
1.6	0.1696
1.8	0.1058
2.0	0.0625

As seen in the table above at range of optimal + 0.4×falloff the jammers are still 90% effective.

Here is an example: let's assume your ECM module has a 50 km range and has a 40km falloff. When your target is within optimal range you have a 20% chance to jam them per cycle of your modules.

• If your target is 50 km away you will have the full 20% chance to jam
• At 60 km (50 km + 10 km) you will now have 17% chance to jam (84% of 20%)
• At is 90 km away (50 km + 40 km) you will now have 10% chance to jam (50% of 20%)
• At 130 km away (50 km + 40 km + 40 km) you now have a 1,25% chance to jam (6,25% of 20%)

Using your ECM Modules

The race-specific modules are not named in a way that makes it obvious what race of ships they're effective against. Remember that each race's ship's all have the same colour background in the portrait image you see when you have them targeted.

• Amarr - Radar (yellow-coloured jammers)
• Caldari - Gravimetric (blue-coloured jammers)
• Gallente - Magnetometric (green-coloured jammers)
• Minmatar - Ladar (red-coloured jammers)

Your Target Ship	Which Racial Jammer To Use
	Amarr: Radar Jammer
	Caldari: Gravimetric Jammer
	Gallente: Magnetometric Jammer
	Minmatar: Ladar Jammer

If you can remember these colour match ups then you will remember exactly which module to activate on a ship you are targeting.

When you have successfully jammed your target, you will see a gray circle surrounding the jammer that acquired the jam (shown below the locked ship). Hovering over this will tell you how long until the jam ends. The circle will slowly disappear as the jam ticks down. See the image below.

Skills to improve ECM

As with everything in EVE there are multiple skills that will greatly increase your effectiveness when using ECM.

• Electronic Warfare - Reduces capacitor usage on ECM modules by 5% per level. Requirement for using ECM.
• Frequency Modulation - Increases the falloff distance of all EWAR modules by 10% per level.
• Long Distance Jamming - Increases the optimal range of all EWAR modules by 10% per level.
• Signal Dispersion - Increases your jam strength by 5% per level.
• Electronic Superiority Rigging - Reduces the drawbacks of EWAR and sensor rigs by 10% per level.

Additional skills useful for ECM pilots:

• Long Range Targeting - 5% Bonus to targeting range per skill level.
• Caldari Frigate - Increases hull bonuses of Caldari EWAR frigates.
• Caldari Cruiser - Increases hull bonuses of Caldari EWAR cruisers.
• Caldari Battleship - Increases hull bonuses of Caldari EWAR battleships.

ECM equipment and ships

	Racial ECM jammers - These modules are more effective against a single race's ships, and much less effective than a Multispectral against the other three. They have a longer range, greater strength and lower capacitor cost than multispectral jammer modules. However, they do need to be appropriately targeted.
	Multispectral ECM ammers - These modules are reasonably effective on all targets with a high capacitor cost. These modules have a significantly lower range and strength than racial jammers.
	ECM Burst Jammers - These modules will cause all ships within a certain range of your ship to be jammed. You do not need to be targeting anyone to use a Burst module. Burst modules consume a high amount of capacitor and are generally only used on Battleships. REMEMBER: The ECM burst modules will get you concorded when used in high sec and they will also jam your fellow fleet members if used in close proximity. These modules should only be used outside of high sec, and when you know what you are doing!!!
	Target Spectrum Breaker
	Signal Distortion Amplifiers - These low slot modules increase the strength and range of your jammers
	Particle Dispersion Augmentors - These rigs increase the strength of your jammers by +10%.
	Particle Dispersion Projectors - These rigs increase the range of your jammers by 20%.
	Particle Dispersion Projectors - These rigs increase the range of your jammers by 20%.
	ECM drones are useful for any pilot but are unaffected by any ECM skills/ship bonuses. Hornet EC-300 - Light drone - Has a strength of 1 for all sensor types Vespa EC-600 - Medium drone - Has a strength of 1.5 for all sensor types Wasp EC-900 - Heavy drone - Has a strength of 2 for all sensor types

It is tough to choose between fitting several multispectral jammers or a variety of race specific jammers. If you know the type of fight you are heading towards you can make a tactical decision (or the fleet commander might make this decision before you head out).

• The practice of fitting one of each racial ECM is known as fitting a rainbow configuration. Most UNI fleet commanders expect you to fit a rainbow configuration, and if you are ever in doubt about what kind of jammers to fit, you should go with a rainbow configuration.
• If you plan on fighting and jamming multiple ships then you should fit racial jammers. This will allow you as the ECM pilot to target a few different ships and have a high chance of locking them all down (i.e. jamming them).
• If you plan on fighting individual ships (or very small gangs), and don't know what type of ship you will be fighting ahead of time then ECM will be more effective with multispectral jammers since you could activate more than one on a single target and have a higher chance of locking them down.
• If you have intelligence about the ships being flown by your enemy you can have your pilots fit multiple jammers which match the race type of your target ship(s). It can be useful to carry a spare set of one of each of the four racial jammers in an ECM ship's hold, for refitting on the fly.

Notes on Modules

• You will want to carry one or two spares of each kind of jammer in your hold for quick refits if your fleet gets intelligence about the enemy's ships. But also consider the cost of the modules and the possibility you may not have time to change them while out with a fleet.
• Consider the overall price of your ship when choosing module quality. Spending 10m on jammers for your 4m Blackbird isn't very cost effective. However, fitting 10m of jammers on a 60m Scorpion is much more sensible. Conversely, refusing to spend an extra 100k to make your 4m blackbird better is equally unwise.
• Meta 4 Signal Distortion Amplifiers have identical performance to Tech 2 but are cheaper and are very cost effective. This could change so always be sure to double check the item info as well as with a fitting tool.
• Meta version racial jammers used to have similar strength levels to Tech 2 but now that has been re-balanced as of 4/13/2016. There is a notable benefit to using Tech 2 if your fitting skills permit but take into account the added cost. However, you may want to stick with the most cost effective and best fitting meta modules for a Griffin because it can be easily exploded by enemy fire.
• Particle Dispersion Projector and Signal Disruption Amplifiers rigs are cheap and very cost effective. Particle Dispersion Augmenter rigs are considerably more expensive but do benefit the jam strength.

ECM bonused ships

Even though all types of ships can use ECM there are certain ships that have hull bonused aimed for ECM use.

Tech 1 ships:

•  Griffin
  • 15% bonus to ECM Target Jammer strength per caldari frigate level
  • - 10% bonus to ECM Target Jammers' capacitor need per caldari frigate level

•  Blackbird
  • 15% bonus to ECM Target Jammer strength per caldari cruiser level
  • 12.5% bonus to ECM Target Jammer optimal range and falloff per caldari cruiser level

•  Scorpion
  • 15% bonus to ECM Target Jammer strength per caldari battleship level
  • 25% bonus to ECM Target Jammer optimal and falloff range per caldari battleship level
  • 25% Bonus to ECM Burst Range per caldari battleship level

Advanced ships:

•  Kitsune
  • 20% bonus to ECM target jammer strength and 10% reduction in ECM target jammers' capacitor need per caldari frigate level
  • 15% bonus to ECM target jammer optimal range and 5% bonus to capacitor capacity per electronic attack ships level

•  Rook
  • 10% Bonus to ECM Target Jammer capacitor use per caldari cruiser level
  • 30% Bonus to ECM Target Jammer strength per recon ships level

•  Falcon
  • 10% Bonus to ECM Target Jammer capacitor use per caldari cruiser level
  • 30% bonus to ECM Target Jammer strength per recon ships level

•  Widow
  • 30% bonus to ECM target jammer strength per black ops ships level

Tech 3 ship:

•  Tengu with Obfuscation Manifold subsystem
  • 10% bonus to ECM target jammer optimal range and strength per Caldari core systems level

Countering ECM

Now you should understand exactly what ECM is and how it works within Eve. How is it countered? In order to make it harder for ECM modules to jam you you simply need to increase your sensor strength. You can do this in a variety of ways:

• Get a bigger ship. Bigger, more powerful ships have naturally larger sensor strength: e.g a Merlin (frigate) has a sensor strength of 11 while a Raven (battleship) has a sensor strength of 22.
• Sensor Booster modules (mid slot) - These can be loaded with ECCM scripts to increase the strength against jamming. As active modules, they can also be overheated - and will normally overheat for quite some time.
• Signal Amplifiers (low slot) - These modules are similar to Sensor Booster modules but use low slots and give smaller bonuses.
• Remote Sensor Boosters - These allow you to remotely project ECCM script support on to your friend's ship.
• Gravimetric / Magnetometric / Radar / Ladar Sensor Compensation skills - Increase sensor strength by 4% per level of their respective sensor types.

Often, however, the most effective way to counter ECM is to destroy the ECM ship(s) or hurt them enough that they're forced to warp out. The Griffin, Blackbird, Kitsune and Falcon tend to be only barely tanked if they're tanked at all, while the Rook and the Scorpion can mount tanks, but usually still have unimpressive defenses for ships of their respective sizes. ECM pilots tend consequently to be fairly jittery, so even if you can't actually kill them, if you can demonstrate the ability to hurt them they often run away.

A long-ranged, high-alpha weapons such as a artillery can deal an intimidating amount of damage in one volley, which is good for this. In battles which are being fought at long range anyway, damage-dealers fitted with long-range missiles are often tasked with this kind of 'anti-support' fire because by the time their missiles travel to the primary target it would be dead anyway, and volleys of heavy or cruise missiles can also persuade ECM ships to run away.

Drones can also be an effective option. ECM ships often have trouble defending themselves against drones: drones keep fighting even if their parent ship is jammed and, although a single drone is easily jammed, the coordination and time required to lock onto and jam a full flight -- assuming the ECM pilot even has five jammers -- are considerable. Griffins and Kitsunes mount small weapons which can hurt drones, but usually can't tank the drones for long enough; a Blackbird fitted with Rapid Light Missile Launchers and a large plate or shield extender might be able to destroy drones, but the pilot would still be distracted.

Flying ECM

Although flying an ECM ship can involve tough targeting decisions and complex jammer micromanagement (see below!), when you start out you can make things fairly simple for yourself. Assuming you're not flying a large, tanked ship (the Scorpion) or a ship with a covops cloak (the Falcon) -- in which case you should know what you're doing anyway -- you need to:

• be near the edge of your optimal range
• fight aligned
• run away if you're being shot
• help your fleetmates escape tackle if retreating

On most ECM ships ECM's long optimal range is one of the things that keeps you out of trouble, so you should try to warp to targets at your optimal range, not at zero. (Sometimes you will have to fight at short range -- if the enemy jump into an offensive gatecamp, for example.)

Your best way of staying alive is to warp out, and to be able to warp out quick enough if something starts attacking you you should be pre-aligned. When you arrive on-grid where a fight's happening, or when a fight starts where you are, you should quickly select a convenient celestial object (planets are good), or a bookmark, and align to it.

Then, if you find yourself being targeted or if the FC orders the fleet to scatter, you can get out quickly by warping to the celestial you're aligned to. If the fight's still going on, you can then warp back in (warp at your optimal range to one of your fleetmates who was in the middle of things) and carry on jamming. Be careful when choosing an object to align to, however. If the enemy is between you and the celestial you are aligned to, your course will take you towards the fight, and your range advantage will be negated. If you align to an object in the opposite direction of the enemy, you risk straying out of your optimal range, and decreasing the likelihood of successfully jamming your opponent. Whenever possible, pick a celestial which, when aligned to, will put you on a course perpendicular to that of your foe, assuming you're near your optimal range, and the enemy isn't burning directly towards you. This will ensure that you don't rapidly get out of range, or wander into the midst of the battle.

If your fleet is losing the engagement and the FC calls for a retreat take a moment to see if any of your fleetmates are tackled by the opposing fleet. If so, and their ship is more expensive than yours, a valuable tactic is to jam the ships which have points on that ship. If it's not obvious which ships to jam ask the pilot in Mumble to call out the ships with points on him. If you think you can jam out the tackle tell your fleetmate to align out (he should be already) and spam their warp-to buttom as you jam the tackle. Call out any succesful jams so your fleetmate can see if they're free to warp off.

With more experience you may notice situations where it might be worth staying around until you die to get a crucial jam in, but that's something you have to make a call on yourself.

If you have some time (you are not about to die) you can gain a large advantage if you do not active all of your ECM modules on a target.

Let's assume there are two targets attacking you and your friends. Immediately you target both of them and decide you will turn on two multispectral jammers for each (four in total). One of the targets gets lucky and avoids both of the jams and the other target gets jammed from your first ECM module. The lucky enemy (that didn't get jammed) then happily targets you and blows you up! Ouch.

Now that is an unpleasant scenario we might have avoided.

This time we decide to turn on one module per target. Target 1 is lucky and doesnt get jammed. Target 2 is unlucky and we jam them.

At this point we have 2 more modules to work with. We attempt to jam target number 1 with another module and he is AGAIN lucky (just like in the first example) We finally turn a third module onto target 1 and this time we jam him and live to fight another day!

You can see with this example that it is in your best interest to use as little number of jammers on your targets until you get an actual jam. Remember that the activation time of ECM modules is 20 seconds, which is the same length of time that the jam will last.

If you want to you can turn the auto-repeat on your jammers off. This is one of the options in the menu you get when you right-click the jammer's button on your HUD when you're in space. With auto-repeat off your jammers will deactivate after every cycle, saving you the trouble of deactivating them yourself if their target is already jammed by another jammer.

Overheating

Like many other modules, ECM jammers can be overheated. Overheating an ECM jammer increases its jamming strength. This can be very useful but, as with ECM in general, since it only increases your chance to jam, it's still a gamble: overheated jammers can fail to jam their targets, and when that happens you still have the heat damage from overheating. And, just like any other module that can be overheated, if you overheat too much you'll burn your jammers out. You may find it useful to persuade a fellow unista to be your practice dummy, letting you practice overheating and get a feel for how long you can heat your jammers before you do it in battle.

ECM targets

Unless you only have one or two enemies, judging which enemy you should try to jam is an important decision. Your Fleet Commander may tell you to jam a particular target or even appoint an ewar target caller, in which case you should obviously follow their orders. However, most FCs, most of the time, will not issue specific orders for their ECM ships, leaving the decision to you.

Often, particularly when you're in a large fleet, the primary target called by the FC for the damage-dealers is not the best ship to jam, since hopefully it will die soon anyway. Instead you should quickly look at what the enemy have and find some good targets for ECM.

If there are other ECM pilots in your fleet it can be useful to coordinate with them so that you don't waste time jamming the same target several times over. In a small fleet you might report your jams textually in the fleet chat channel, or even over Mumble on ECM subchannel. In a large fleet you could try setting up a separate ewar chat channel for ewar pilots.

Here are some ships that often make good ECM targets.

Logistics ships

Logistics ships are T1/T2 cruisers and T1/T2 Frigates which can rapidly repair their allies' shields or armor. They have high sensor strengths, so they aren't the easiest ships to jam, but if you do jam one it won't be able to heal the rest of the enemy gang for twenty seconds. Some gangs depend mostly on their logistics ship(s) for their tank, so this can be a battle-changing move.

Jamming can be extra devastating if the logistic ships are running a cap chain. Jamming will disrupt the chain and in best case can cause multiple ships to cap out causing the chain to collapse.

The T1 logistics frigates are the Inquisitor (Amarr), Bantam (Caldari), Navitas (Gallente), and Burst (Minmatar).

The T2 logistics frigates are the Deacon (Amarr), Kirin (Caldari), Thalia (Gallente), and Scalpel (Minmatar).

The T1 logistics cruisers are the Augoror (Amarr), Osprey (Caldari), Exequror (Gallente), and Scythe (Minmatar).

The T2 logistics cruisers are the Guardian (Amarr), Basilisk (Caldari), Oneiros (Gallente) and Scimitar (Minmatar).

Enemy EWAR

If the enemy have their own ewar ships it can be useful to jam them. This goes especially for enemy ECM ships. Equally, of course, electronic warfare ships and especially ECM ships have high sensor strengths for their hull size.

Damage dealers

If you don't see any stand-out targets, like logistics ships, jamming enemy damage-dealers is probably a safe decision. This usually means battleships and battlecruisers but the enemy might field a fast-moving gang of smaller ships. The T2 cruiser-sized heavy assault cruisers and frigate-sized assault frigates are noteworthy smaller damage-dealers, and they don't have very high sensor strengths.

If you're flying a Blackbird, Scorpion or Kitsune you will have a long enough range that you will be one of the few ships in the fleet that might be able to counter enemy snipers. With good ECM range skills, the Blackbird and Kitsune should have a decent chance to jam sniper HACs, and the Scorpion should have a decent chance to jam sniper battleships. (This is where a Targeting Range script can come in useful if you fitted a Sensor Booster.)

Jamming and aggression

Sometimes it is unwise to jam someone who is trying to play docking games with you. To win at docking games you sometimes need to rely on the fact that when your target shoots someone he starts a so-called weapons timer and cannot dock for 60 seconds, hopefully giving you time to kill them. If you happen to get a jam off on a person playing docking games he won't be able to get weapons timer for 20 seconds.

Weapons timers also prevent pilots from jumping through stargates, and so the same principle applies if you want to keep someone aggressed on one side of a stargate.

If in doubt, don't overheat. Better to miss a few jams than to miss all the jams after the first minute because you burned your midslots out. Once you're confident with overheating, though, it can be a useful tool.